• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-131
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• 1998

The migmatitic gneiss in the Odesan Gneiss Complex has small amount of quartzite, amphibolite and marble and the Kuryong Group which contact with migmatitic gneiss unconformitly, also contains some amphibolite. Preview studies of this area had regarded that the amphibolites contact with marble had been produced by metasomatism from the pelitic and calcareous sediments mixtures, but the amphibolite is reinterpreted as igneous origin. $SiO_2$ content of the amphibolite is 45.9~52.7 wt%, which corresponds to basaltic composition. MgO content has narrow range (4.6~6.87 wt%) and major and trace element are plotted against MgO,$TiO_2, P_2O_5$, Hf, Zr are reduced and Cr and Ni are increased their content with increasing MgO. This phenomenon indicates that the basaltic magma as the protolith of the amphibolite had frationated with the crystallization of the pyroxene and/or olivine. REE pattern has smoothly decrease from LREE to HREE. Eu/Eu(0.83~1.19) show the flat Eu anomaly, which indicate small fractional crystallization of plagioclase. HREE is enriched in the garnet-bearing amphibolites. Several discrimination diagram for the basaltic magma show that the amphibolite of the study area is originated tholeiitic basaltic magma indicating continental rift environment. Due to determine the metamorphic condition garnet-hornblende geothermometry and hornblende-plagioclase geobarometry are used. Peak metamorphic temperature range of the amphibolite $788~870^{\circ}C$ and is deduced toward the northeastern part. The calculated temperature from the amphibolite has slightly higher than the temperature of the metapelites but the trend of metamorphic grade which decrease from western to eastern part progradly is similar to each other. The metamorphic pressure calculated by garnet- hornblede-plagioclase geobarometry is 4~5kb. But ilmenite-plagioclase pair enclosed in garnet show 8 kb at $700^{\circ}C$ by garnet-ilmenite-rutile-plagioclase geobarometery. The zonal profile of garnet in sample 84 shows the bell-shape profile, which grossular content decreases whereas pyrope content increases progressively. This means that the amphibolite has undergone the clockwise P-T-t path which is shown in the migmatitic gneiss of the Odesan Gneiss Complex.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.461-469
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• 2001

The combinatorial approach has been applied to discover and optimize the composition of the novel or enhanced materials. In this study, we screened the optimum composition of the system SrO-Gd$_2$O$_3$-Al$_2$O$_3$ doped with $Tb^{3+}$ by a polymerized-complex combinatorial chemistry method. Mixtures with compositions of Sr, Gd and Al component that is in the range from 0 to 1 in about 0.05 increments could be tested. The sample powders were synthesized by a polymerized complex method. To prepare appropriately polymeric precursors, we used the metallic nitrates, citric acid and ethylene glycol. The luminescence properties of the synthesized powders are investigated using the UV and VUV (Vacuum-UV: 147 nm) photoluminescence spectrometer. In addition, the crystallinity and morphology of powder were monitored by X-ray diffraction spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. In result of VUV PL works, there are good luminescent samples with the composition of 0.595 < x < 0.733 and 0.016 < y < 0.017 in Gd1-x-yAlxTbyO$\delta$ and 0.049 < x < 0.064 and 0.02 < y < 0.039 in $Sr_xAl_{1-x-y}Tb_yO_$\delta$$, their materials can be applicable to plasma display panels as the green phosphor.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2008

Toxicity of 10 registered insecticides and 6 fertilizers were tested against $3^{rd}$ larva and adults of Korean firefly, Luciola lateralis Motschulsky(Coleoptera: Lampyridae). All experiments were tested at the recommended concentration of each inescticides by producer. MEP, PAP, Acephate, Fenthion, and Diazinon, which were organophates, a mixtures combined with Burofezin fenobucarb, Cartap buprofezin, and Thiamethoxam(Neonicotinoids), Fipronil(Phenylpyrazoles) showed more 80.0% mortality on larva and adults of L. lateralis. However, tebufenozide(I.G.R) showed low mortality of 33.3%. $LC_{50}$ (ppm) value of Assit, Cartap buprofezin, Fenthion and PAP were showed 1.03 ppm, 1.90 ppm, 10.26 ppm, 0.98 ppm, respectively, against $3^{rd}$ larva of L. lateralis. Effects against eggs showed very high toxicity. Otherwise, tebufenozide(I.G.R) was showed hatchability of 100%. Toxicity of Urea fertilizer, Ammonium sulfate, Potassium chloride, Fused phosphate, Complex fertilizer and Silicate fertilizer were showed the mortality with 27.3%, 56.7%, 73.3%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%, respectively, when exposed 72 hrs after treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.47-51
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• 2001

There are two strategies to cope with the troubles in landfill site after closure. The first method is active in a way that the wastes are dug up and the recyclable materials are reutilized, meanwhile the materials not recyclable are incinerated in order to minimize the volume of residues to be disposed of. The second method is rather passive and defensive in a way that the source of contamination, that is, buried wastes are not treated. Instead, the transport of leaking leachate and gases generated from the wastes are intercepted and controlled. In this study, as a passive way of the efficient leachate blocking process, applicabilities of geocrete and soluble sodium silicate as a substitute to control leachate leaking from landfill sidewall were investigated. In case of compression test, the strength of mixture I (Geocrete:Sodium silicate=1:3.9 v/v) and mixture II (Geocrete:Sodium silicate=1:2.5 v/v), even after 7 days' curing was higher than the minimum allowance to tolerate the loading(5 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$). Soaking in the acid fur 4 days and 7 days respectively, the compressive strength of the specimens reduced seriously. The toxicity of geocrete is not detected through the bioassay test, once it was mixed with sodium silicate and the complex was formed. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures even after 7 days' curing was lower than the threshold limit $(1.0\times10_{-7}cm/s)$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2008

Frankincense, the gum resin derived from Boswellia species, is complex mixtures composed of about $5{\sim}9%$ highly aromatic essential oil, $65{\sim}85%$ alcohol-soluble resins, and the remaining water-soluble gums. The anti-inflammatory properties of frankincense, alcohole-soluble resins, are well-recognized, but the question of whether aromatic essential oil also plays a role in the allergic asthma remains unanswered. This study was performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of Boswellia sacra essential oil (BSEO) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal OVA sensitization were challenged with intratracheal OVA. One experimental group was inhaled with 0.3% BSEO for the later 8 weeks. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and developed airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. In contrast, the BSEO treated mice had reduced a number of eosinophils among BALF cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Cytokine analysis of BALF revealed that BSEO caused an increase in Th1 cytokine (interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$)) and a decrease in Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13) levels. In addition, the OVA-specific serum IgE and eotaxin levels were also reduced. In mice inhaled BSEO, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+/CCR3^+$, and $B220^+/CD23^+$ mediastinal lymph nodes cells were also decreased. These results suggest that inhaled BSEO as a immunomodulator in Th1/Th2 mediated asthma may have therapeutic potential for the treatment in allergic airway inflammation by a simple, cost-effective way.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

As of many organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous organic contaminants, which can be found in the most environmental matrices. Their toxic effects include endocrinedisrupting activity. Most researches with these toxicants performed with mixtures of congeners, namely Aroclor and related study has been done in complex environmental matrix, rather than single biosystems or pure congeners. 5 congeners were synthesized and their fates in pure microbial culture (Aspergillus niger) were determined in this study. Among biphenyl and synthetic congeners, biphenyl, PCB-1 (2-chlorobiphenyl), and PCB-3 (4-chlorobiphenyl) were rapidly transformed to hydrophilic metabolites, followed by PCB-38 (3,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl), while the degradation of PCB-126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) was not observed. The amounts of transformation for biphenyl, PCB-1, PCB-3, and PCB-38 were 65, 38, 52, and 2% respectively. The major metabolites of the above congeners were identified as mono- and di-hydroxy biphenyls, which are known to give adverse endocrinological effects.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.457-465
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• 2017

The Taiwanese liquid crystal display (LCD) industry has traditionally produced a huge amount of waste glass that is placed in landfills. Waste glass recycling can reduce the material costs of concrete and promote sustainable environmental protection activities. Concrete is always utilized as structural material; thus, the concrete compressive strength with a variety of mixtures must be studied using predictive models to achieve more precise results. To create an efficient waste LCD glass concrete (WLGC) design proportion, the related studies utilized a multivariable regression analysis to develop a compressive strength waste LCD glass concrete equation. The mix design proportion for waste LCD glass and the compressive strength relationship is complex and nonlinear. This results in a prediction weakness for the multivariable regression model during the initial growing phase of the compressive strength of waste LCD glass concrete. Thus, the R ratio for the predictive multivariable regression model is 0.96. Neural networks (NN) have a superior ability to handle nonlinear relationships between multiple variables by incorporating supervised learning. This study developed a multivariable prediction model for the determination of waste LCD glass concrete compressive strength by analyzing a series of laboratory test results and utilizing a neural network algorithm that was obtained in a related prior study. The current study also trained the prediction model for the compressive strength of waste LCD glass by calculating the effects of several types of factor combinations, such as the different number of input variables and the relevant filter for input variables. These types of factor combinations have been adjusted to enhance the predictive ability based on the training mechanism of the NN and the characteristics of waste LCD glass concrete. The selection priority of the input variable strategy is that evaluating relevance is better than adding dimensions for the NN prediction of the compressive strength of WLGC. The prediction ability of the model is examined using test results from the same data pool. The R ratio was determined to be approximately 0.996. Using the appropriate input variables from neural networks, the model validation results indicated that the model prediction attains greater accuracy than the multivariable regression model during the initial growing phase of compressive strength. Therefore, the neural-based predictive model for compressive strength promotes the application of waste LCD glass concrete.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.414-422
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• 2010

In forensic examinations of question document, analysis about inks components and the dating of ink entries is often of considerable importance and forensic examination of inks is principally concerned with the classification and comparison of chemically complex mixtures. The authenticity about inks analysis of a questioned document may be examined through the analysis of inks used to TLC, HPLC/MS, GC/MS, LDI/MS. We collected 56 difference types of black ballpoint pen inks manufactured from 5 country groups. We identified major 6 species volatile organic components (VOCs), ethylbenzene ($0.089-0.244\;{\mu}g$/mL), o-xylene ($0.072-0.331\;{\mu}g$/mL), m,p-xylene ($0.062-0.318\;{\mu}g$/mL), benzene ($0.003-0.173\;{\mu}g$/mL), 1,1-dichloroethylene ($0.003-0.295\;{\mu}g$/mL), toluene ($0.007-0.484\;{\mu}g$/mL) using HS-SPME GC/MS. The results of this study indicated that determined VOCs of black ballpoint pen inks could make a discriminating tool of inks analysis for forensic question document and can supply methodology for classification and identification of between ballpoints pen inks.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.353-357
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• 2012

The new qualitative and quantitative analytical method for hydrocarbon compounds in DME-LPG blending fuel, mixing dimethyl ether (DME) with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), by using gas chromatography (GC) was investigated. It is difficult to analyze all components of DME-LPG blending fuel by using single column in GC due to consisting of the non-polar LPG and the polar DME which is oxygen-containing compound. Therefore, it has been introduced the Deans switching system, which are useful for analyzing mixtures of a very different nature and/or target analytes in very complex matrix. This technique is to control the pressure between two columns and to selectively change the path of effluent flows to either one of two columns. As a result, we found that DME and LPG can be completely separated at the different columns and the determination of all hydrocarbon compounds in DME-LPG blending fuel can be achieved to this method qualitatively and quantitatively during the operation of one injection. In addition, this method can be applied to the determination of trace components of by-product, such as methanol, methyl formate and ethyl methyl ether, which will be derived from DME synthesis process.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2017

Used small household appliances(small e-waste) consists of a variety of complex materials and components. The small e-waste is mainly composed of plastics and an important potential source of waste plastic. The black plastics, particularly are very difficult to separate by resin type and therefore these are mainly recycled in the form of a mixtures. In the present study, the sorting technologies such as gravity and electro static separation, near-infrared ray(NIR) and IR/Raman optical sorting separation on mixture of black plastics were analyzed and their limitations on sorting process were also investigated. The Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS) spectrum of each black plastics was used for identification of black plastics by resin type, and after analyzing the normalization operation, Principal Component Analysis(PCA) was carried out. The spectrum data was optimized through PCA process. In order to improve the identification accuracy and sorting efficiency of black plastics, it is necessary to design a classifier with high efficiency and to improve the performance and reliability of the classifier by applying the field of intelligent algorithms.