• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권9호
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• pp.3864-3871
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• 2024

In case of a hypothetical severe accident in a Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR), coolability of the debris bed in the post-accident phase plays a vital role in mitigating the accident and ensuring the structural integrity of the reactor vessel. Few numerical studies are reported in literature, in which the boiling heat transfer in debris bed is expressed as equivalent heat conduction using similarity law between heat conduction and two-phase heat transfer. However, these studies assumed steady state mass conservation for the boiling zone and neglected the gravity force. Hence, a detailed study has been carried out for various particle sizes and porosities of SFR debris to investigate the influence of above considerations. The effect of gravity on debris bed coolability is studied using steady state model of Lipinski, which showed that gravity has a non-negligible effect, for particle size of 0.3 mm and porosity of 0.5. However, the gravitation force was found to have a negligible effect in dryout heat flux estimation for the bottom cooled configuration. A transient numerical model is developed for simulating the boiling phenomena in debris beds and validated with the published experimental results. The assumption of steady state mass conservation is verified by carrying out transient analysis, which indicated early prediction of the dryout inception. For time dependent heat generation case, the unsteady mass conservation predicted higher DHF compared to constant heat generation.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.14-26
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• 2004

For reliable determination of mechanical characteristics of adhesively bonded joints used e.g. as input data for computer-aided design of complex components, the thick-adherend tensile-shear test according to ISO 11003-2 is the most important material testing method. Although the total displacement of the joint is measured across the polymer layer directly in the overlap zone in order to minimize the influence of the stepped adherends, the substrate deformation must be taken into account within the framework of the evaluation of the shear modulus and the maximum shear strain, at least when high-strength adhesives are applied. In the standard ISO 11003-2 version of 1993, it was prescribed to perform the substrate deformation correction by means of testing a one-piece reference specimen. The authors, however, pointed to the excessive demands on the measuring accuracy of the extensometers connected with this technique in industrial practice and alternatively proposed a numerical deformation analysis of a dummy specimen. This idea of a mathematical correction was included in the revised ISO 11003-2 version of 2001 but in the simplified form of an analytical method based on Hooke's law of elasticity for small strains. In the present work, it is shown that both calculation techniques yield considerably discordant results. As experimental assessment would require high-precision distance determination (e.g. laser extensometer), finite element analyses of the deformation behavior of the bonded joint are performed in order to estimate the accuracy of the obtained substrate deformation corrections. These simulations reveal that the numerical correction technique based on the finite element deformation modeling of the reference specimen leads to considerably more realistic results.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.502-515
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• 2020

To identify the dynamic characteristics of the Auto-leveling system applied to the Tractor-Trailer type Transporter for mounting a large scale precision equipment, Dynamics Modeling & Simulation were performed using general Dynamics Analysis Program - RecurDyn(V9R2). The axial load data, transverse load data and pad trace data of leveling actuators were obtained from M&S. And they were analyzed and compared with each other by parameters, i.e. friction coefficients on the ground, landing ram speed of actuators, and direction & quantity of ground slope. It was observed that ground contact friction coefficients affected to transverse load and pad trace; the landing ram speed of actuators to both amplitude of axial & transverse load, and this phenomena was able to explain from the frequency analysis of the axial load data; the direction of ground slope to driving sequence of landing ram of actuators. But the dynamic behaviors on the two-directional slope were very different from them on the one-directional slope and more complex.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2012

The competition to deliver ultra-low emitting vehicles at a reasonable cost is driving the automotive industry to invest significant manpower and test laboratory resources in the design optimization of increasingly complex exhaust after-treatment systems. Optimization can no longer be based on traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and laboratory testing. The CFD is in high demand for the analysis and design in order to reduce developing cost and time consuming in experiments. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive practical model based on experiments for simulating the performance of automotive three-way catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions. An experiment is conducted to measure species concentrations before and after catalytic converter for different loads on engine. The model simulates the emission system behavior by using an exhaust system heat conservation and catalyst chemical kinetic sub-model. CFD simulation is used to study the performance of automotive catalytic converter. The substrate is modeled as a porous media in FLUENT and the standard k-e model is used for turbulence. The flow pattern is changed from axial to radial by changing the substrate model inside the catalytic converter and the flow distribution and the conversion efficiency of CO, HC and NOx are achieved first, and the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. It is found that the conversion from axial to radial flow makes the catalytic converter more efficient. These studies help to understand better the performance of the catalytic converter in order to optimize the converter design.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.105-117
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• 2020

현대합동작전의 기본 개념인 '효과중심의 동시·통합작전'에 부합하도록 신규 무기체계의 작전 요구 능력을 예측하기 위해서는 유·무인 무기체계 간의 전술적 협동 개념을 고려한 전투 효과분석이 요구된다. 그러나 수학적, 통계적 모형 등 해석적 기법으로는 비선형전 하에서의 복합체계 효과를 모의하기가 곤란한 실정이다. 이의 대안으로 실제 전장 상황과 유사하도록 시뮬레이션 환경을 조성하고 신규 무기체계가 작전에 미치는 영향을 분석할 수 있는 모의 분석 능력이 요구된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 무선 통신을 기반으로 유·무인 전투개체 간의 협동 교전 개념을 모의할 수 있는 전투 모의 모델을 제안한다. 먼저 미래 지상 체계의 요구 능력을 고려하여 로봇, 드론 등 무인전투개체와 전투원, 야포 등 유인전투개체를 모델링한다. 그리고 각 개체들이 무선 통신을 통해 전장 상황 정보를 공유하며 전투를 수행하는 전술적 과업을 모의한다. 마지막으로 소부대 기갑수색정찰 시나리오 하에서 정찰용 지상로봇 운용 시 표적 획득률, 원격 통제 성공률, 수색 소요 시간, 작전간 생존율, 적 손실률 등의 전투효과를 모의실험을 통해 산출함으로써 개발된 모델의 활용 가능성을 확인한다. 향후 제안된 모델은 유·무인 지상무기의 효과 분석은 물론 각종 워게임 전투 실험 분야에서 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대기
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2021

최근 들어 늘어나고 있는 도시기상에 대한 미래수요 활용 방안을 위해 적합한 관측과 모델 분야의 고려요소와 기획연구 방향에 대해서 관측과 모델, 공간정보 활용 방안에 대해서 확인하였다. 도시기상 관측의 높은 공간해상도 요구사항을 기존 종관기상 관측망을 통해서 만족하기가 어려우며, 사용하고 있는 기존 측기의 유지 관리에 대해서 어려움이 높을 것으로 예상되기 때문에 기존측기보다 소형화된 간이 측정기를 통해 공간해상도를 보완함과 동시에 간이측기의 장기 검보정을 위한 도시규모별 유, 무인의 검보정 시스템이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 UAM과 같은 차세대 교통체계의 실용화 등의 운용방안에 맞춘 기상정보 지원을 위해서 영공을 포함한 도시 지역 예보가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 이를 위해 복잡한 도시의 지면 효과를 반영하는 빌딩 규모 모델의 개발이 필요하며, 이에 대해서 중규모모델과 LES의 결합이 된 다중스케일 모델 개발 과 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 추가적으로 이러한 다중스케일 모델의 연산속도 향상과 성능 개선을 위해서 GPU 등을 이용하여 모델 계산속도를 높이는 노력이 필요할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 관측과 모델의 정보를 공간정보로 활용하기 위한 방안은 최종적으로 소규모 지역의 고해상도 실시간 기상정보를 제공하여 기상자원정보의 시너지 향상과 도시생활의 시너지 효과를 이루어낼 수 있는 정보 활용이 될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 스마트시티에 대한 기상자원의 활용과 융합에 대해서 국내 스마트시티 계획 지역인 부산과 세종의 현재 구축된 자료를 이용하여 그 융합을 사례 적용하였다. 특히 교통에 영향을 많이 줄 것으로 보이는 안개에 대해서 실제 과거 발생일수의 분석을 통해 스마트시티 지역 내에서 발생할 수 있는 재난 상황을 판단하고, 지역별 지형 및 기상 특성을 고려하여 관측과 예보에 필수적인 기상 인자를 최적화하고, 도시계획 과정에서 관측소의 최적입지를 선정하여 기존 도시인프라와의 융합 활용을 통해 도시기상자료를 고해상도로 구축하는 방안이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2002

워크플로우에서 임계 경로의 개념은 워크플로우 자원 및 시간 관리 등과 같이 워크플로우의 여러 분야에서 유용하게 활용될 수 있다는 면에서 중요하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지금까지 임계 경로에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 이는 워크플로우에서의 제어 흐름 구조는 기존의 전형적인 그래프 혹은 네트워크 보다 더 복잡한 구조를 가지고 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 복잡한 업무 흐름을 워크플로우로 표현할 수 있도록 지원하는 다양한 워크플로우 제어 구성 자들을 정의한다. 그리고 이를 기반으로 정의된 구조적 워크플로우 스키마에서 임계 경로를 결정하는 방법을 제안한다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2004

정밀 수치기후도를 기반으로 고품질 사과생산에 적합한 지역을 정밀하게 탐색할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템을 전북 장수군에 적용하여 후지 및 쓰가루 품종의 재배적지를 도출하였다. 수치기후도는 장수군 주변 7개 기상청 표준관측소로부터 얻은 1971-2000년 기간 일 최고 및 최저기온의 월별 평균값을 토대로 지형기후모형에 의해 사방 10m 격자점의 기온자료를 공간내삽하여 얻었다. 기온자료로부터 사과의 만개기를, 4월 최저기온으로부터 종상일을 추정하여 상해위험도를 산정하였고, 재현기간 100년의 1월 극 최저기온으로부터 동해위험도를 산정하였다. 토지의 경사, 토성 및 토지이용도를 고려한 재배가능지역에서 기상재해 위험지역을 제외시키고, 남은 지역에 대해 품질기준을 적용하여 최종적인 재배후보지를 도출하였다. 품질기준인 Anthocyanin 함량, Hunter A value, L/D Ratio, Fresh Firmness, Soluble Solid에 미치는 기후의 영향을 경험식에 의해 표현하고 이것을 수치기후도에 적용하여 각 품질기준별 적합지역을 탐색하였다. 최종적으로 얻은 결과에 따르면, 쓰가루의 경우 전체 면적의 20%, 후지는 11%가 재배적지로 나타났다. 수치기후도 제작으로부터 중첩분석에 의한 재배적지 판정에 이르는 전체과정을 ArcObject를 이 용한 Visual BASIC 프로그램으로 작성하여 자동화하였고, MapObject를 이용하여 사용자가 ArcGIS 소프트웨어 없이도 구축된 수치기후도 등 공간정보를 직접 보면서 재배적지를 탐색할 수 있는 배포용 프로그램을 제작하였다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.103-128
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• 2013

When a consumer needs a product or service and multiple sellers are available online, the process of selecting a seller to buy online from is complex since the process involves many behavioral dimensions that have to be taken into account. As a part of this selection process, consumers may set minimum trust expectation that can be used to screen out less trustworthy sellers. In the previous research, the level of consumers' trust expectation has been anchored on two important factors: product involvement and perceived risk. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a consumer perceives a specific product important. Thus, the higher product involvement may result in the higher trust expectation in sellers. On the other hand, other related studies found that when consumers perceived a higher level of risk (e.g., credit card fraud risk), they set higher trust expectation as well. While abundant research exists addressing the relationship between product involvement and perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the integrative view of the link between the two constructs and their impacts on the trust expectation. The present paper is a step toward filling this research gap. The purpose of this paper is to understand the process by which a consumer chooses an online merchant by examining the relationships among product involvement, perceived risk, trust expectation, and intention to buy from an e-tailer. We specifically focus on the mediating role of perceived risk in the relationships between enduring product involvement and the trust expectation. That is, we question whether product involvement affects the trust expectation directly without mediation or indirectly mediated by perceived risk. The research model with four hypotheses was initially tested using data gathered from 635 respondents through an online survey method. The structural equation modeling technique with partial least square was used to validate the instrument and the proposed model. The results showed that three out of the four hypotheses formulated were supported. First, we found that the intention to buy from a digital storefront is positively and significantly influenced by the trust expectation, providing support for H4 (trust expectation ${\rightarrow}$ purchase intention). Second, perceived risk was found to be a strong predictor of trust expectation, supporting H2 as well (perceived risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust expectation). Third, we did not find any evidence of direct influence of product involvement, which caused H3 to be rejected (product involvement ${\rightarrow}$ trust expectation). Finally, we found significant positive relationship between product involvement and perceived risk (H1: product involvement ${\rightarrow}$ perceived risk), which suggests that the possibility of complete mediation of perceived risk in the relationship between enduring product involvement and the trust expectation. As a result, we conducted an additional test for the mediation effect by comparing the original model with the revised model without the mediator variable of perceived risk. Indeed, we found that there exists a strong influence of product involvement on the trust expectation (by intentionally eliminating the variable of perceived risk) that was suppressed (i.e., mediated) by the perceived risk in the original model. The Sobel test statistically confirmed the complete mediation effect. Results of this study offer the following key findings. First, enduring product involvement is positively related to perceived risk, implying that the higher a consumer is enduringly involved with a given product, the greater risk he or she is likely to perceive with regards to the online purchase of the product. Second, perceived risk is positively related to trust expectation. A consumer with great risk perceptions concerning the online purchase is likely to buy from a highly trustworthy online merchant, thereby mitigating potential risks. Finally, product involvement was found to have no direct influence on trust expectation, but the relationship between the two constructs was indirect and mediated by the perceived risk. This is perhaps an important theoretical integration of two separate streams of literature on product involvement and perceived risk. The present research also provides useful implications for practitioners as well as academicians. First, one implication for practicing managers in online retail stores is that they should invest in reducing the perceived risk of consumers in order to lower down the trust expectation and thus increasing the consumer's intention to purchase products or services. Second, an academic implication is that perceived risk mediates the relationship between enduring product involvement and trust expectation. Further research is needed to elaborate the theoretical relationships among the constructs under consideration.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.7-29
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• 2012

Smartphone and its applications (i.e. apps) are increasingly penetrating consumer markets. According to a recent report from Korea Communications Commission, nearly 50% of mobile subscribers in South Korea are smartphone users that accounts for over 25 million people. In particular, the importance of smartphone has risen as a geospatially-aware device that provides various location-based services (LBS) equipped with GPS capability. The popular LBS include map and navigation, traffic and transportation updates, shopping and coupon services, and location-sensitive social network services. Overall, the emerging location-based smartphone apps (LBA) offer significant value by providing greater connectivity, personalization, and information and entertainment in a location-specific context. Conversely, the rapid growth of LBA and their benefits have been accompanied by concerns over the collection and dissemination of individual users' personal information through ongoing tracking of their location, identity, preferences, and social behaviors. The majority of LBA users tend to agree and consent to the LBA provider's terms and privacy policy on use of location data to get the immediate services. This tendency further increases the potential risks of unprotected exposure of personal information and serious invasion and breaches of individual privacy. To address the complex issues surrounding LBA particularly from the user's behavioral perspective, this study applied the privacy calculus model (PCM) to explore the factors that influence the adoption of LBA. According to PCM, consumers are engaged in a dynamic adjustment process in which privacy risks are weighted against benefits of information disclosure. Consistent with the principal notion of PCM, we investigated how individual users make a risk-benefit assessment under which personalized service and locatability act as benefit-side factors and information privacy risks act as a risk-side factor accompanying LBA adoption. In addition, we consider the moderating role of trust on the service providers in the prohibiting effects of privacy risks on user intention to adopt LBA. Further we include perceived ease of use and usefulness as additional constructs to examine whether the technology acceptance model (TAM) can be applied in the context of LBA adoption. The research model with ten (10) hypotheses was tested using data gathered from 98 respondents through a quasi-experimental survey method. During the survey, each participant was asked to navigate the website where the experimental simulation of a LBA allows the participant to purchase time-and-location sensitive discounted tickets for nearby stores. Structural equations modeling using partial least square validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results showed that six (6) out of ten (10) hypotheses were supported. On the subject of the core PCM, H2 (locatability ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) and H3 (privacy risks ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) were supported, while H1 (personalization ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) was not supported. Further, we could not any interaction effects (personalization X privacy risks, H4 & locatability X privacy risks, H5) on the intention to use LBA. In terms of privacy risks and trust, as mentioned above we found the significant negative influence from privacy risks on intention to use (H3), but positive influence from trust, which supported H6 (trust ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA). The moderating effect of trust on the negative relationship between privacy risks and intention to use LBA was tested and confirmed by supporting H7 (privacy risks X trust ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA). The two hypotheses regarding to the TAM, including H8 (perceived ease of use ${\rightarrow}$ perceived usefulness) and H9 (perceived ease of use ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) were supported; however, H10 (perceived effectiveness ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) was not supported. Results of this study offer the following key findings and implications. First the application of PCM was found to be a good analysis framework in the context of LBA adoption. Many of the hypotheses in the model were confirmed and the high value of $R^2$ (i.,e., 51%) indicated a good fit of the model. In particular, locatability and privacy risks are found to be the appropriate PCM-based antecedent variables. Second, the existence of moderating effect of trust on service provider suggests that the same marginal change in the level of privacy risks may differentially influence the intention to use LBA. That is, while the privacy risks increasingly become important social issues and will negatively influence the intention to use LBA, it is critical for LBA providers to build consumer trust and confidence to successfully mitigate this negative impact. Lastly, we could not find sufficient evidence that the intention to use LBA is influenced by perceived usefulness, which has been very well supported in most previous TAM research. This may suggest that more future research should examine the validity of applying TAM and further extend or modify it in the context of LBA or other similar smartphone apps.