• 에너지공학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2016

자동차 표시연비는 국가적으로 에너지관리 지표로서 활용되며, 자동차 제작사의 기술개발을 유도하고, 소비자 차량구매 시 정보제공의 역할을 담당하고 있다. 하지만 정부의 표시연비가 체감연비와 상이하다는 소비자 불만이 지속되어 정부는 보다 정확한 표시연비 측정을 위해 미국의 5-cycle 시험방법을 국내 차량 기준에 맞게 재설정하여 도입하였다. 본래는 다양한 환경조건 및 주행패턴이 반영된 5개의 시험모드를 모두 주행함으로써 측정된 결과 값을 표시연비로 계산하는 방법이지만 소요되는 자원의 급격한 증가에 따른 충격을 완화하기 위하여 2개의 시험모드(도심(FTP-75 mode), 고속도로(HWFET mode))의 결과 값을 5-cycle 시험법으로 계산된 연비 값과 동등한 수준으로 산출하는 5-cycle 보정식을 사용하고 있다. 이 보정식은 2011년에 30대 차량의 5-cycle 시험방법으로 산출되었으나 최근 자동차 기술의 급속한 발전으로 인한 신형식 자동차에 대한 기존 5-cycle 보정식에 대한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서는 최근 기술이 적용된 14대의 신형식 자동차를 대상으로 기존과 동일한 시험 방법을 통해 시험모드별 연비 특성을 확인하고, 기존에 개발된 보정식과 차이를 분석한 결과 기존 시험 차량 결과와 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며 보정식 또한 최대 1.5% 이내의 오차로써 기존 연비 보정식은 현재의 자동차 기술발전에 따른 개선도에 크게 영향을 받고 있지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

목적 : 보건 의료기관이 갖는 의료서비스와 행정의 양면적 명령구조로 인한 갈등과 의사, 간호사, 의료기사, 행정직 등 다양한 직종들이 모여 있는 조직으로 일반 기업보다 많은 직무 스트레스를 받을 수 있는 가능성이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 병원에 근무하는 재활 분야 치료사의 일반적 특성과 직무몰입이 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 국내의 K시, B시에 소재하고 있는 요양병원, 종합병원에 근무하고 있는 작업치료사, 물리치료사를 대상으로 하였다. 일반적 특성, 직무 스트레스, 직무 몰입이 포함된 설문지를 통해 조사하였고, 응답내용이 불성실하거나 누락된 설문지 19부를 제외한 144부를 대상으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 치료사의 특성과 직무 몰입, 직무 스트레스 변인들의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 직무요구, 직무자율, 관계갈등, 조직체계, 보상 부적절, 직무 불안성, 직장 문화로 직무몰입 정도와 상관관계를 나타났다. 둘째, 재활 분야 치료사의 일반적 특성과 직무몰입이 직무스트레스에 영향을 미치는 변인으로는 결혼유무, 임금수준, 직무몰입이 46.6%의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 재활분야 치료사의 직무스트레스에 영향을 주는 변인을 알아본 것에 의의를 가지고, 관련 분야의 직무환경을 개선하여 클라이언트에 대한 중재의 질을 향상시킬 정책 결정에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2007

GPS 환경에서 다중경로 신호는 의사거리 측정 정확도의 성능을 감소시키므로 GPS에 기반한 응용에서 위치 성능 감소로 나타나며, 이는 특히 고층 건물이 많은 도심환경 및 수면에 의한 반사가 많은 해양에서 문제가 된다. 다중경로 신호는 GPS 수신기 내부 상관기에서 상관 함수의 Early-Late 간 비대칭을 유발하므로, 본 논문에서는 Late 상관 값의 비대칭 정도를 보상하여 다중경로 오차를 제거하기 위한 가중 상관기 구조를 소프트웨어 GPS 수신기를 이용하여 구현하고, 그 성능을 평가하였다. 가중 상관기는 2개의 상관 암으로 이루어진 다중 상관기를 사용하여 상관함수의 비대칭 여부를 판단하고, 비대칭성을 감소시키기 위한 보정치를 생성한다. 이 구조는 다중 상관기에 비하여 연산 처리량 부하는 감소시키는 반면, 비슷한 다중경로 오차 제거 성능을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 다중경로 신호 생성 블록을 포함한 GPS 신호 발생기와 가중 상관기 구조를 포함한 소프트웨어 GPS 수신기를 이용하여 다중경로 오차 제거 성능을 검증하였다. 실험을 통하여 가중 상관기가 일반 상관기와 협대역 상관기보다 더 나은 오차 제거 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

본 논문은 비디오의 효율적인 내용기반 검색을 지원하기 위해 움직임벡터의 특징을 검출하였다. 이를 위해 비디오의 현재 프레임을 일정한 크기의 블록으로 나누고 시간 축상 기준이 되는 프레임에서 각 블록의 움직임을 추정하는 블록정합 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 하지만 블록 정합법의 경우 여러 가지제약 조건과 함께 블록 정합법에 의해 얻어지는 벡터가 실제 움직임과 상이한 경우도 발생한다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 전역탐색방식을 응용했으나 이 방법은 계산량이 많다는 단점이 있다. 그 대안으로 본 논문에서는 움직임 벡터의 시공간 상관성(MVSTC : Motion Vector Spatio-Temporal Correlations)의 시간적 공간적 특징을 추출하였다. 그 결과 본 논문에서는 인접 블록의 움직임 벡터를 이용하여 좀 더 정확한 움직임 벡터의 예측을 수행할 수 있었다. 하지만 참조되는 블록 벡터의 수가 여러개 발생되기 때문에 이러한 부가 정보를 수신단에 전송해야 하는 부담을 초래하게 된다. 따라서 각 블록의 움직임 특징을 예측하고 이에 알맞은 탐색 범위를 설정하는 문제도 고려해야 한다. 제시된 알고리즘을 바탕으로 움직임 보상을 위한 움직임 추정 기법을 고찰하고 이를 적용한 결과를 제시하고자 한다.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to assess the usage of diagnosis codes for somatic dysfunctions and the general characteristics of patients diagnosed with the code, by analyzing health insurance data provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service(HIRA) of Korea. This investigation is intended to outline future and willing to contribute to further use of diagnosis code and the approach of Oriental Medicine to somatic dysfunction. Materials and Methods : By analyzing HIRA data, those diagnosed with M99 codes, a code attributed to somatic dysfunction, were selected for analysis. Patients included were assessed for the relevant general characteristics, and the specific diagnostic criteria. The current usage rates and noteworthy characteristics of diagnostic codes of somatic dysfunctions were assessed. A comparative analysis between clinical departments and subcategories, and a comparative analysis to data of 2014 was conducted. Results : Patients given M99 codes constituted a small minority of all patients diagnosed in 2011 as shown by HIRA data. The codes were more frequently to older patients, females, outpatients, and those who filed for Health Insurance compensation. Medical institutions participating in the diagnosis were mostly primary care facilities, usually specializing in orthopedic(Western medicine sector) and internal medicine (Oriental Medicine sector). The most registered code in 2011 and 2014 was M995. The same trend can be observed in Oriental/Western medicine institutions and Public health center, on the other hand, between them, have some different patterns both 2nd and 3rd. Conclusions : This investigation is that of current usage of diagnostic codes of somatic dysfunction. HIRA insurance claim data was analyzed. Based on the current results, more precise diagnostic standards of somatic dysfunction are warranted. This study will provide a foundation for future Oriental Medicine approach to somatic dysfunctions.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2000

Objectives : To propose the referential data to evaluate the health impacts of Vietnam veterans' children whose father were exposed to herbicides in Vietnam War. Methods : Vietnam veterans who visited to Pusan Veteran Hospital for medical care were recruited from April to October, 1998. They were 71 and asked about their own combat history, symptoms and illness, and health status of their 182 children. The informations were collected by direct and phone interview. Exposure estimation was also performed as exposure score depending on year and unit of participation, and personal episodes related to exposure to herbicide in the war. It classified into three groups; lower(<18.0), moderate(18-53), high$(\geq53)$ exposure group. Results : The mean age and the period into the combat of the veterans were 52.8 years and 15.0 months. The mean exposure score was $18.1{\pm}9.9$, and mainly distributed in lower (46.5%) and moderate(52.1%) exposure group. Most(90.1%) of them were diagnosed as sequelae(21 cases) and suspected sequelae(43 cases) of the herbicides by Korean veteran's hospital diagnostic criteria. The major sequelae was peripheral neuropathy 13 cases, chloracne 5 cases, and the major suspected sequelae was hypertension 20 cases, diabetes mellitus 18 cases, liver disease 12 cases, central neuropathy 11 cases, etc. About birth, 42.2% and 16.9% experienced spontaneous abortion and stillbirth, respectively. The mean exposure score was higher in stillbirth experience group(p<0.05). About half of the children(90 cases, 49.5%) hold the abnormal health status: those were skin pigmentation 38 cases, rash 23 cases, congenital anomaly 15 cases, general weakness 12 cases, purpura 8 cases, visual disturbance 8 cases, etc. These health problems had no association with father's exposure level(p>0.05). Conclusions : These results were depend on their own answers, and expectation for compensation did not excluded, therefore, this study may have limitations: inaccuracy of informations due to recall bias and response bias. Nevertheless, through this study, we could image the fundamental aspect for health impacts of Vietnam veterans' children for preparing the national control program and policy. A large scale epidemiologic study with valid exposure assessment on the health impacts of Vietnam veterans' children is recommneded.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2017

Background and Objectives : Adductor type spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is neurogenic disorder and focal laryngeal dystonia, while muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is caused by functional voice disorder. Both ADSD and MTD may be associated with excessive supraglottic contraction and compensation, resulting in a strained voice quality with spastic voice breaks. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of spectrogram analysis in the differentiation of ADSD from MTD. Materials and Methods : From 2015 through 2017, 17 patients of ADSD and 20 of MTD, underwent acoustic recording and phonatory function studies, were enrolled. Jitter (frequency perturbation), Shimmer (amplitude perturbation) were obtained using MDVP (Multi-dimensional Voice Program) and GRBAS scale was used for perceptual evaluation. The two speech therapist evaluated a wide band (11,250 Hz) spectrogram by blind test using 4 scales (0-3 point) for four spectral findings, abrupt voice breaks, irregular wide spaced vertical striations, well defined formants and high frequency spectral noise. Results : Jitter, Shimmer and GRBAS were not found different between two groups with no significant correlation (p>0.05). Abrupt voice breaks and irregular wide spaced vertical striations of ADSD were significantly higher than those of MTD with strong correlation (p<0.01). High frequency spectral noise of MTD were higher than those of ADSD with strong correlation (p<0.01). Well defined formants were not found different between two groups. Conclusion : The wide band spectrograms provided visual perceptual information can differentiate ADSD from MTD. Spectrogram analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for differentiating ADSD from MTD where perceptual analysis and clinical evaluation alone are insufficient.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2013

본 연구는 가연성탱크 화재발생시 하나의 포 비례혼합기에서 분기헤더를 거쳐 다수의 소화지역 분기방식 포 소화설비의 분기헤더에서 저장탱크 하단부 입상관 까지의 포수용액 배관단면적 감소에 따른 통과유량 감소로 혼합비가 허용범위를 벗어날 때 적정농도의 포수용액 방출에 효과적인 방법을 확보하는데 궁극적인 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 기설치 포 소화설비의 유량변동에 따른 혼합비 변동원인 분석 및 일정혼합비 보상방법을 찾아보고, 포 비례혼합기 벤츄리 폼챔버 오리피스 및 미터링 오리피스 교체실험을 통해 원액흡입배관 단면적을 확장시킬 수 있는 미터링 오리피스 교체실험이 포 소화설비 혼합비 개선에 가장 효과적인 방안임을 입증하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the exposure levels of forklift operators to diesel engine exhaust(DEE) using black carbon(BC), elemental carbon(EC), and nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) as indicators. Methods: A total of eight forklift operators in six collection companies were assessed over a period of two months from July to September 2015. BC was measured using a real-time monitor and respirable EC samples were analyzed using the NIOSH method 5040. $NO_2$ samples were collected using a passive badge-type sampler. Results: The geometric mean of BC, EC and $NO_2$ were $3.1-19.1{\mu}g/m^3$, $2.1-23.8{\mu}g/m^3$, and 12.5-166.6 ppb at all companies. When forklifts were operating both outside and inside, BC concentrations increased 2.0-5.6 times. The highest increase was observed when forklifts were operating indoors. The increase in BC concentrations varied by company(company A: 2.0 times, B: 3.2 times, C: 5.6 times, D: 2.1 times, E: 5.1 times, F: 2.6 times). The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for the forklift operators was $9.6{\mu}g/m^3$, $7.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 48.9 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for manufacturing workers was $9.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 85.2 ppb, respectively. The mean BC and EC exposure levels for the forklift operators were slightly higher than those for manufacturing workers, but $NO_2$ levels for manufacturing workers were higher than those for the forklift operators(p>0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that diesel exhaust emissions standard, forklift weight and forklift manufacturer were the most influential factors in determining worker exposure. Conclusions: In the DEE work environment, workers who perform tasks within the workplace as well as inside forklifts as operators are likely to be exposed to a lack of ventilation. Further study of forklift operators' exposure to DEE indicators should be conducted to include a wider range of occupational and environmental situations, such as collection procedures, seasonal situations, types of fuel used, and number of forklifts.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.310-320
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• 2014

Backgrounds: Endotoxin, which found in the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria cell wall, makes up almost all of the lipopolysaccharide(LPS). When people are exposed to endotoxin,it can result in diverse health effects such as an airway irritation and inflammation, fever, malaise, bronchitis, allergic asthma, toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity lung disease. Cases among the elderly, children or pregnant can occur more frequently than a healthy adult if they are repeatedly exposed to the existing endotoxin. Therefore, we investigated and assessed the environmental characteristics associated with the airborne endotoxin concentration level in six hospital lobbies. Method: Endotoxin from indoor air in six hospital lobbies was measured by an area sampling method and analyzed according to American Society for Testing and Materials International(ASTM international) E2144-01. Total suspended particulate(TSP), carbon dioxide($CO_2$), temperature and humidity were also measured by using direct reading measurements or airborne sampling equipment at the same time. Environmental characteristics were appropriately divided into two or three groups for a statistics analysis. One-way analysis variable(one-way ANOVA) was used to examine a difference of the endotoxin concentration, depending on the environmental characteristics. In addition, only variables with p-value(p<0.25) were eventually designed to the best model by using multiple regression analysis. Results: The correlation analysis result indicated that TSP(p=0.003) and $CO_2$(p<0.0001) levels were significantly associated with endotoxin concentration levels. In contrast, temperature(p<0.068) and humidity(p<0.365) were not associated with endotoxin concentration. Levels of endotoxin concentration were statistically different among the environmental characteristics of Service time(p=0.01), Establishment of hospital(p<0.001), Scale of hospital(p=0.01), Day average people using hospital(p=0.03), Cleaning time of lobby(p=0.05), Season(p<0.001), and Cleaning of ventilation system(p<0.001) according to ANOVA. Finally, the best model(Adjusted R-square=72%) that we designed through a multiple regression test included environmental characteristics related to Service time, Area of lobby, Season, Cleaning of ventilation system, and Temperature. Conclusions: According to this study, our result showed a normal level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies and found environmental management methods to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration to a minimum. Consequently, this study recognized to be requirement for the management of ventilation systems and an indoor temperature in order to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies.