• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate a proper management and nutrient supply for raising replacement heifers to improve lactating performance. In order to determine a proper TDN/CP ratio that would be suitable for domestic use, 13-month-old replacement heifers were fed in the ratios of 4.6:1(T1) and 4.3:1(T2), respectively, to examine the changes in nutritional intake, digestibility, characteristics of rumen fluid and blood compositions. While dry matter intake was same at 9.0kg/day, CP intake did not show any significant difference, though T2(1.45kg/day) was slightly higher than T1(1.34kg/day). In fiber intake and digestibility, two results showed no significant difference, though T1 was slightly higher than T2. The pH, NH3-N and VFA densities in rumen fluid examined at the fourth hour after feed intake did not show any significant difference either. Overall level of VFA was not influenced largely by the TDN/CP ratio, but the iso-butyrate and iso-valerate levels and the A/P ratio were significantly high in T1(p<0.05). In blood characteristics, the treatments showed no significant difference. In conclusion, the TDN/CP ratios of 4.3:1 and 4.6:1 did not significantly affect the characteristics of the ruminant stomach, but in comparison with digestibility of 13-month-old heifers, the ratio of 4.6:1 was more appropriate for increased intake of fiber and higher digestibility.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.815-821
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• 1997

Background : Salmeterol, a new ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor agonist, is a long-acting bronchodilator and benefits patients with asthma who have nocturnal symptoms. We wished to assess the efficacy of inhaled salmeterol ($50{\mu}g$ bid) compared to inhaled salbutamol ($200{\mu}g$ qid) for the treatment of bronchial asthma, particularly nocturnal asthma. Method : We randomly assigned 35 patients (25 female and 10 male patients, 15 to 50 years old) to one of two treatment groups : one group received $50{\mu}g$ of salmeterol twice daily and another did $200{\mu}g$ salbutamol four times per day. And this study was performed as an open-label and the 6 weeks inhalation period. Results : Analysis of symptam score ; Day and night time symptom score showed significant difference between salmeterol and salbutamol Group (p<0.05). Number of days for additional bronchodilator requirements; The number of days and puffs for additional bronchodilator were lower in the salmeterol group in either day and night time (p<0.05). Pulmonary function test ; $FEV_1$ showed significant increase in salmeterol group compared to salbutamol group after 2 and 4 weeks inhalation period. Adverse effects ; We found no evidence of tolerance to the bronchodilating effects of salmeterol, and adverse reactions to all the treatments were infrequent and mild. Conclusion : For the management of bronchial asthma, salmeterol given twice daily is superior to salbutamol given four times daily.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2008

Four different pork loaves were made with two levels, HP/FP-3% and HP/FP-6%, containing 3.0 and 6.0% HP(hot air dried sweet persimmon powder)/FP(freezer dried sweet persimmon powder), respectively. HP and FP(3% and 6%) were added into ground pork loin separately. A control without persimmon powder were used for comparison. Patties were cooked to 74℃ in electric oven, after cooling, the aerobic packaged meat loaves were stored at 5℃. The moisture and crude ash were higher in the FP-6%, and the crude protein and crude fat were no different among the samples. The pH in control sample was significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of treatment group, however no significant difference was found among the 4 treatments. The TBARS(thiobarbituric reactive substance) values of all samples showed a tendency of increasing value along the storage days. The TBARS and a* value increased(p<0.05) as the addition ratio of HP/FP increased, respectively. With regard to microorganisms, the number of total aerobic bacteria were lower than 3.11 log10 CFU/g. In sensory evaluation, meat loaves containing persimmon powder resulted in a high overall acceptability, although they were not significantly different in overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1985

Aerial application tests with a biological insecticide (Thuricide$^{(R)}$) and two low toxicity insecticides, Diflubenzuron (Dimilin$^{(R)}$) and Triflumuron (Alsystin$^{(R)}$) were carried out against the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury). For experimental application by helicopter, dilutions of 30x and 45x Thuricide, 180x and 240x Alsystin, and 180x Dimilin were utilized. The solutions were applied at a rate of 30 liters per hectare. The results are as follows: 1) All treatments, Dimilin 25% wp, Thuricide wp, and Alsystin 25% wp, were found to very effec tive against fall webworm larvae. Percentages of mortality averaged between 93.9% and 97%. 2) No significant differences in percentages of larval kill were found between dilutions of Thuricide (30x and 45x) or Alsystin (180x and 240x). 3) Assessment of parasite densities in the treated areas 35 days after treatment indicated that percentages of reduction for all five species found, including Brachymeria lasus(Walker) (=obscurata [Walker]), were lower than for areas treated with the conventional insecticide Diplox$^{(R)}$ (trichlorfon) 25% wp. In particular, the percentage of reduction in Thuricide-treated areas was only 21% as compared with the untreated (control) areas. 4) Aerial applications of Dimilin were very effective and economical for control of the fall webworm by comparison with [aerial] applications of Thuricide.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2007

This study was conducted to find out the influence of cultivation season for fresh parsley in modified atmosphere storage. As the qualities of fresh parsley grown in different seasons; autumn, winter, summer were compared, the chlorophyll and vitamin C showed the highest content in autumn and winter cultivation, respectively, but the firmness was the highest in summer cultivation treatment. These fresh parsleys grown in different seasons packaged with 0.04mm ceramic film and stored at $0^{\circ}C$. The shelf life of these parsleys were 84 days in winter cultivation treatment, while parsleys cultivated in autumn and summer were able to be stored for 77 days and 56 days, respectively. The fresh weight loss of parsley was much more higher in summer than in both autumn and winter cultivation treatments. The carbon dioxide and ethylene contents in packages in summer were more than twice as high in autumn and winter cultivation treatment. There were not different between autumn and winter cultivation treatment in the two kinds of gas contents. This result should be caused by higher field heat that increased a respiration remarkably during the early storage. The highest field heat produced by summer cultivation resulted in remarkable decreases of firmness, chlorophyll and vitamin C during MA storage. As the results, the fresh parsley showed highest storability in winter cultivation treatment. The field heat of fresh parsley should be eliminated just after harvest for a long term storage.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2017

We aimed at investigating the difference in $N_2O$ emission factors of chemical and organic fertilizers and identifying the main factors influencing annual fluctuations in $N_2O$ emission. We conducted two-year experiments in 2016 and 2017 in an agricultural field planted with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Treatments included chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK) and chicken compost application at $10\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, $20\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, and $30\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ rates (CK1, CK2 and CK3). Control was also employed with no addition. Results showed that $N_2O$ emission rates were significantly related with soil water status and soil available N contents. Significant correlation between % water filled pore space (WFPS) and $N_2O$ emission was observed only when the %WFPS was greater than 40% and during the initial stage of the experiment (<60 d). Comparison of the emission factors in 2016 and 2017 showed us that the emission factor was greater in 2016 when the %WFPS was maintained higher by 16.5% compared to that in 2017. In 2016, the emission factor of organic fertilizer was higher than that of chemical fertilizer, while in 2017, the pattern was reversed. Annual variability in $N_2O$ emission could also be originated from the available N contents remaining in soil after being taken up by plants. If we apply excessive N fertilizer, the soil would contain excess amount of N which was not uptaken by plants, leading to a huge increase in $N_2O$ emission. This case would overestimate emission factor, which was the case for the organic fertilizer in 2016. Over-fertilization should be avoided when we set up an experiment to determine $N_2O$ emission factor.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 2008

The study was to provide basic data and to examine the effect of combined exercise for 12 months on functional fitness and bone mineral density (BMD) in breast cancer survivors. The subjects of this study were 40 to 60-year-old married women (N=24) who finished their treatments chemotherapy and radiation therapy. They were divided into two groups that exercise group and exercise with alendronate group. Eighteen (T-score=$-2.2{\pm}0.8$) of the 24 women who were diagnosed osteopenia (N=15) and osteoporosis (N=3), participated in combined exercise (EG). The other six (T-score=$-4.6{\pm}0.9$) women who were diagnosed as osteoporosis (EDG), participated in the combined exercise program with osteoporosis drug (Alendronate 70 mg/w). The result of the analysis was as follows: Twelve months after, the participants (N=24) had a significant increase of the items such as sit and reach ups, grip strength (R and L) and sit ups test of functional fitness in the periods. In body composition, FM (fat mass) had significant decrease in periods. In the comparison of BMD, EG (N=18) had no change, while EDG (N=6) had significant improvement in L1, T12 and T-score after 12months. Consequently, complex exercise program (Hatha yoga, elastic band, gym ball) had positive effect on functional fitness and bone mineral density. We suggest that complex exercise program can be applied as recovery program after breast cancer surgery. Further research needs various and repetitive studies from more different targets or methods in the exercise program for its improvement.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2004

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) often uses small beam segments. The heterogeneity effect is well known for relatively large field sizes used in the conventional radiation treatments. However, this effect is not known in small fields such as the beamlets used in IMRT. There are many factors that can cause errors in the small field i.e. electronic disequilibrium and multiple electron scattering. This study prepared geometrically regular heterogeneous phantoms, and compared the measurements with the calculations using the Convolution/Superposition algorithm and Monte Carlo method for small beams. This study used the BEAM00/EGS4 code to simulate the head of a Varian 2300C/D. The commissioning of a 6MV photon beam were performed from two points of view, the beam profiles and depth doses. The calculated voxel size was 1${\times}$1${\times}$2$\textrm{cm}^2$ with field sizes of 1${\times}$1$\textrm{cm}^2$, 2${\times}$2$\textrm{cm}^2$, and 5${\times}$5$\textrm{cm}^2$. The XiOTM TPS (Treatment Planning System) was used for the calculation using the Convolution/Superposition algorithm. The 6MV photon beam was irradiated to homogeneous (water equivalent) and heterogeneous phantoms (water equivalent ＋ air cavity, water equivalent ＋ bone equivalent). The beam profiles were well matched within :t1 mm and the depth doses were within ${\pm}$2%. In conclusion, the dose calculations of the Convolution/Superposition and Monte Carlo simulations showed good agreement with the film measurements in the small field.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1977

Radioactive iodine(RAI), principally $^{131}I$, effectively controls hyperthyroidism in the majority of patients. The subsequent development of hypothyroidism, however, has been of increasing concern since it was first pointed out by Chapman and Maloof in 1955. And the steady increase of late hypothyroidism during the passage of time was known with its relation with dosage of RAI. The authors have investigated the development of hypothyroidism in 935 patients with diffuse toxic goiter(DTG) who were treated with ($RAI^{131}I$) at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1960 to 1977 to reveal its relation with the number of RAI treatments, dosage of RAI, age of patients and exophthalmos with the following results. 1) The incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI therapy among 631 patients with DTG who were treated with single RAI regimen was 7.4%(1 year), 11.8%(2 year), 16.2%(3 year), 22.1%(4 year) and 25.5%(5 year), and that among 163 patients given multiple RAI treatments was 8.6%(1 year), 10.4%(2 year), 13.3%(3 year), 29.1%(4 year), and 54.1%(5 year)respectively showing much higher year1y increments from 4 years after RAI treatment. in comparison with the former. 2) Among 550 patients in the lower dose group treated with single RAI regimen less than 5.0mCi ($Mean{\pm}S.D.:\;4.3{\pm}0.6mCi$), the incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI treatment was 6.8%(1 year), 11.4%(2 year), 15.4%(3 year), while among 81 patients in the higher dose group given single RAI treatment not less than 5.5 mCi ($Mean{\pm}S.D.:\;6.3{\pm}0.5mCi$) it was 12.0%(1 year), 15.4%(2 year) and 20.4%(3 year) respectively. However, the duration till euthyroid state after RAI therapy in the two groups was $5.1{\pm}3.6$ months and $4.8{\pm}2.8$ months respectively showing no statistically signficant difference (p>0.1). 4) The incidence of hypothyroidism after RAI treatment in patients younger than 30 years of age was 4.3%(1 year) and 7.7%(2 year); in patients from 30 years to 49 years of age, 5.8%(1 year) and 11.1%(2 year); and in those older than 50 years, 11.0%(1 year) and 14.4%(2 year). The data revealed rising incidence of hypothyroidism with increase of patients' age. 4) Among 116 patients with exophthalmos the incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI treatment was 7.1%(1 year) and 12.1%(2 year) while that among 184 patients without exophthalmos was 7.3%(1 year) and 12.2%(2 year) respectively. With the above data the authors could conclude that the hypothyroidism in patients with DTG who were treated by RAI developed more frequently than reported by others in Korea till now, and increased with the passage of time, the yearly increments from 4 years after RAI treatment increasing markedly in the multiple dose group, and the incidence could be reduced by decreasing the administered RAI doe not increasing the duration till euthyroid state after RAI therapy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.410-423
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• 1994

Seasonal and diurnal changes of stomatal diffusive resistance(S.D.R.) and transpiration rate(T.R.) were investigated for determining the ecophysiological water relations of economic tree species subjected to chronic water stress or exogenous abscisic acid treatment. Four species of oaks including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica. Q. acutissima, and Q. variabilis were used as the experimental materials and also Fraxinus rhynchophylla was studied together with oaks. Stomatal diffusive resistances were repeatedly measured on the containerized 1-0 year seedlings subjected to two kinds of soil moisture regime (wet and dry) in June, August, and September by LI-1600 Steady State Porometer of LI-Cor, Inc.. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) solutions of 0.5 mM and 0.05 mM in July and August, respectively, were absorbed into shoots cut from the containerized seedlings for determining their effects on stomatal behavior and transpiration. Most of measurements in stomatal diffusive resistance maintained about 5 s/cm in the morning after sunrise despite of different treatments. But the values fluctuated frequently to high level above 20 s/cm through the afternoon until sunset in the seedlings subjected to dry soil moisture regime. Despite of various treatments and environmental conditions, stomatal diffusive resistances of Q. variabilis were more stable than those of Q. serrata or Q. acutissima. Their values of F. rhynchophylla changed more irregularly in comparison with those of oak species. Exogenous abscisic acid absorbed into shoots cut from seedlings increased stomatal diffusive resistance obviously in most of the species studied. The stomatal responses to abscisic acid treatment were more sensitive in July especially in Q. serrata than in Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima. But the effects of ABA treatment were presented more remarkably in Q. acutissima in August. The responses to abscisic acid were not certain in F. rhynchophylla because of their various fluctuation patterns.