• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.234-245
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• 2008

Yeonkyopaedok-san(YPS) extract is widely used to treat the common cold. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of YPS on the common cold. Two hundred Patients with common colds of recent onset were randomized to the double blind, placebo-controlled study. They received 800 mg YPS extract or placebo in capsules, orally dissolved 3 times a day for 7 days. The total symptom score was assessed by the physician, using a 5-point scale on start and finish. Resolution of cold symptoms based on subjective daily symptoms. Total symptom score was significantly decreased in YPS groups in comparison to that in placebo group (p=0.027). Headache (p=0.012), loss of appetite (p=0.037), eyeball discomfort (p=0.002) were more affected. Time to resolution of cold symptoms did not show significant effect (p=0.592). Adverse effects were less in the YPS group than placebo group (2% vs 3%). In this community-based, randomized controlled trial, YPS were effective in treating cold symptoms in college students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.523-529
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• 1997

This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on the intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of protein in Korean college women. Subjects were 8 female college students, aged from 21 to 23, and maintained their menu and life patterns regular during a 4- week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumed, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content by Kjeldahl method. From this data, apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determing daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake was 56.9$\pm$1.4g and daily fecal protein loss was 6.3$\pm$0.2g. The apparent digestibility of protein was 89.6$\pm$0.7$\%$. The daily nitrogen intake measured by Kjeldahl method was 9.43$\pm$0.2g. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 7.64$\pm$0.23g and fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.02$\pm$0.03g. The nitrogen balance indicated a positive balance of 0.45$\pm$0.18g. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 523-529, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2012

Polychaete community structure and its spatial distribution was investigated in 2008 from inshore and offshore of Lake Shihwa, Korea, in order to evaluate status of the benthic environment according to construction of the dike and the water gate. In the present study, the number of species, density, and diversity of polychaete community in inshore was significantly different from those in offshore. The density of polychaete community in offshore increased with the number of species whereas the diversity in inshore increased with the number of species. Dominant species in offshore were 13 species, higher than 1% of the total polychaete individuals. Heteromastus filiformis, known as the most dominant species before the construction of the dike, was the most dominant species in offshore, which collectively account for 54% of the total polychaete individuals. In inshore, the seven species were dominant, higher than 1% of the total individuals. Lumbrineris longifolia, Polydora sp., Capitella capitata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, known as pollution tolerant species, contributed to higher than 75% of the total individuals in inshore. Multivariate statistical analyses, non-metric multidimensional scaling, showed apparent difference in polychaete community structure between inshore and offshore, and also difference between inner sites and outer sites of inshore around the water gate. Sediment characteristics (total organic carbon and nitrogen, ignition loss, and acid volatile sulfide) measured in this study also supported to this result. Therefore, this indicates that the offshore provides better benthic environments for polychaete habitation than the inshore, and the inshore around the water gate shows improving benthic environment, compared to the inner inshore.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.631-664
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• 2011

As agricultural companies encounter number of risks in their business, it is very important to control the risks for their stable management. So we examine the agricultural business risks and propose the risk management strategies for the agricultural companies. For these purpose, we analyze the agricultural business risks with which agricultural companies are confronted, and propose the agricultural companies' the risk management strategies. The results of this study are as follows : First, Changing the risk environment of agricultural business, we have to realize the importance of the agricultural risks and risk management in it. Second, When we choose the risk management strategies which are risk retention, risk avoidance, risk control, risk transfer and insurance, etc., we should always consider the frequency of loss and the severity of loss. Third, If we don't control the agricultural risks, we will be in a position to very difficult situation. So, Agricultural companies should lead to stronger effort to manage the risks for their stable business.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.131-152
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• 2023

In analyzing the Chinese diaspora, this paper explores losses that are encountered within the family in the nation. It argues that increased social and spatial mobilities that contribute to losses can be reconfigured through the productive lens of supermobility, as Laurence J. C. Ma conceptualizes it. Supermobile identities are significant avenues to consider the way that losses traditionally associated with migration and assimilation are revisited in view of new flows of migration and identification. In examining K. H. Lim's debut novel Written in Black (2014), this study addresses pathways from debilitating losses to productive losses journeyed by the family from the child's perspective. It offers a critical analysis of the Anglophone Bruneian novel in terms of its exclusive portrayal of an ethnic Chinese family. Departing from a fixed notion of home as cultural and physical rootedness, it explores flexible identities that are tied to shifting concepts of belonging. Rather than a magnification of social and spatial losses, the analysis highlights the way that the literary imagination of ethnic Chinese in Brunei Darussalam accommodates progressive ideas of the agency and advancement of the Chinese diaspora as a supermobile community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.67-75
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the clinical factors that contribute to age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass (ALSMM) among young Korean male adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 955 men aged between 20-29 years. They underwent screening to assess the ALSMM. The study examined a variety of factors, including age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), lifestyle-related habits such as smoking and drinking status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, as well as the serum triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) levels. RESULTS: The variables that displayed significant associations with ALSMM were height, weight, BMI, WC, SMI, FBG, TC, DBP, and alcohol consumption (p < .05). Serum triglyceride levels, SBP, and smoking status did not exhibit statistical significance (p > .05). CONCLUSION: The study identified the contributing factors associated with the ALSMM in community-dwelling young adult males. These findings would enrich the current body of literature on ALSMM and provide potential risk factors associated with its development in young Korean males.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 2005

Severe loss or hydrogen occurred in most anaerobic hydrogen fermentation reactors. Several selected methods were applied to suppress the consumption of hydrogen and increase the potential of production. As the first trial, pH shock was applied. The pH of reactor was dropped nearly to 3.0 by stopping alkalinity supply and on]y feeding glucose (5 g/L-d). As the pH was increase to $4.8{\pm}0.2,$ the degradation pathway was derived to solventogenesis resulting in disappearance of hydrogen in the headspace. In the aspect of bacterial community, methanogens weren't detected after 22 and 35 day, respectively. Even though, however, there was no methanogenic bacterium detected with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) method, hydrogen loss still occurred in the reactor showing a continuous increase of acetate when the pH was increased to $5.5{\pm}0.2$. This result was suggesting the possibility of the survival of spore fanning acetogenic bacteria enduring the severely acidic pH. As an alternative and additive method, nitrate was added in a batch experiment. It resulted in the increase of maximum hydrogen fraction from 29 (blank) to 61 % $(500\;mg\;NO_3/L)$. However, unfortunately, the loss of hydrogen occurred right after the depletion of nitrate by denitrification. In order to prevent the loss entangled with acetate formation, $CO_2$ scavenging in the headspace was applied to the hydrogen fermentation with heat-treated sludge since it was the primer of acetogenesis. As the $CO_2$ scavenging was applied, the maximum fraction of hydrogen was enhanced from 68 % to 87 %. And the loss of hydrogen could be protected effectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the paddy irrigation efficiency using real-time water level monitoring data and intermittent irrigation model in Gimjae, Dong-Jin irrigation district. For this study, the real-time water level data in Gimjae main canal and other secondary canals were collected from 2012 to 2014 and converted to daily discharge using rating curve in each canal. From intermittent irrigation model in paddy, irrigation water requirement was estimated and irrigation efficiency was calculated. The average amount of irrigation water supply per unit irrigation area was 1,011 mm in Gimjae main canal for 12,749 ha irrigation area, 1,011 mm in the secondary canal of upper region and 1,470 mm in the secondary canal of lower region. The median irrigation loss was 43 % in Gimjae main canal, 25 % in secondary canal of upper region and 35 % in the secondary canal of lower region. The larger irrigation area is, the irrigation loss rates tend to decrease in secondary canals. Monthly median irrigation losses in upper region were 10 (June) - 40 % (September) and those in lower region were 25 (May) to 40 % (April, June, August, and September). The results of canal management loss can be available as the basic data for irrigation water management and estimating guideline of optimal irrigation water supply to improve agricultural water use efficiencies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with moderate chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: Electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP were included in the study. Full-mouth plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed. The GCF was collected, and its volume and levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 were assessed. These parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after SRP. The sample size was estimated, and comparisons between groups were performed. P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Thirty-six electronic cigarette users (47.7±5.8 years old) and 35 non-smokers (46.5±3.4 years old) with CP were included. At baseline, there were no differences in plaque index (PI), PD, CAL, MBL, and GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 between electronic cigarette users and nonsmokers. At the 3-month follow-up, there were no significant differences in PI, gingival index (GI), PD, CAL, and MBL in electronic cigarette users compared to baseline, while there were significant reductions in PI, GI, and PD among non-smokers. At the 3-month follow-up, GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in both groups (P<0.05) compared to baseline. The increases in GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in non-smokers (P<0.05) than in electronic cigarette users at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: Levels of GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 increased after SRP in electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP; however, the anti-inflammatory effect of SRP was more profound in non-smokers than in electronic cigarette users.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.335-356
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• 2013

Physical resources are central to coping with economic hardships for people in low-income, yet life experiences such as resource loss and gain and their relationships with a sense of well-being received scarce attention. Thus this study investigated levels of loss and gain of physical resources, economic stability and well-being of 254 adults who participated in welfare-to-work programs; correlations and paths among these variables; and direct and indirect effects of economic stability by structural equation modeling. Major results were: first, the levels of resource loss and gain were below a moderate level and the level of gain was significantly higher than the loss level. Second, in the relationships with both economic stability and well-being, resource loss showed negative correlations, while resource gain showed significantly positive correlations. Third, the negative direct effect of resource loss either on the economic stability or on the well-being respectively was significant and the indirect effect on well-being through economic stability was also significant. Finally, the direct effect of resource gain on either economic stability or well-being was significant; and the indirect effect of resource gain on well-being was also significant. Thus in both models for resource loss and gain, the indirect effect of economic stability was significant, which supports partial mediation model. Based on these results, implications for social work practice and research were examined, particularly for enabling social work practice to utilize information regarding resource loss and gain, economic stability, and a sense of well-being that were embedded in the community life of people in low-income.