• 제목/요약/키워드: Common-mode level

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광주.전남 지역에 거주하는 소아에서 Helicobacter pylori와 A형 간염 바이러스의 혈청 IgG 항체 양성률 비교 (Concordance of Seropositivity between Helicobacter pylori and Hepatitis A Virus IgG in Children of Gwangju and Chonnam Area)

  • 김선영;김영옥;정해율;김병주;마재숙
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.191-198
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    • 2001
  • 목적: 건강한 소아를 대상으로 혈청에서 H. pylori와 HAV에 대한 IgG 항체가를 동시에 측정하여 연령에 따른 항체 양성률과 두 감염의 혈청학적 양성률의 일치성 여부를 조사하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 1998년 1월부터 1999년 12월까지 전남대학교병원 소아과에 내원한 환아중 상부 위장관 질환을 의심할만한 증상을 호소하지 않고, HAV 예방접종을 받지 않았으며 간 질환을 앓은 기왕력이 없는 건강한 소아 315명을 대상으로 하였다. H. pylori에 대한 IgG 항체가는 대상 소아 315명 모두에서 측정하였고, HAV에 대한 IgG 항체가는 대상 소아중 215명에서 측정하였다. H. pylori에 대한 IgG 항체 측정은 효소 면역법을 이용하여 측정하였으며, HAV에 대한 IgG 항체는 competitive radio-immunoasay로 측정하였다. 결과: H. pylori에 대한 IgG 항체의 양성률은 1세 미만에서 21.2%, 1~3세는 9.2%, 4~6세는 8.9%, 7~9세는 26.7%, 10~12세는 38.7%, 13세 이상에서는 37.0%로 대상 소아 315명 중 55명(17.5%)에서 양성을 보였으며 연령이 증가함에 따라 의의 있게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. HAV에 대한 혈청 IgG 항체의 양성률은 1세 미만이 66.1%, 1~3세는 21.8%, 4~6세는 10.9%, 7-9세는 10.0%, 10~12세는 9.5%, 13세 이상은 41.2%로 대상 소아 215명 중 65명(30.2%)에서 양성을 보였고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 양성률이 의의 있게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. H. pylori와 HAV에 대한 IgG 항체가 모두 양성인 경우는 9.8%, 모두 음성인 경우는 62.8%, H. pylori에 대해서만 양성인 경우는 7.0%, HAV에 대해서만 양성인 경우는 20.5%이었다. H. pylori와 HAV 감염 사이에 항체 양성률과 음성률에 있어 카파(${\kappa}$) 값은 0.26이었다. 결론: H. pylori와 HAV에 대한 항체는 연령이 증가함에 따라 항체의 양성률도 증가하였고, 두 감염에 대한 혈청 IgG 항체의 양성과 음성사이에 약간의 일치성을 보여 두 감염의 전파 양식에 약간의 유사성이 있음을 보였다.

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국제프랜차이징 연구요소 및 연구방향 (Research Framework for International Franchising)

  • 김주영;임영균;심재덕
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.61-118
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 국내외 프랜차이즈의 해외진출에 대한 연구들을 바탕으로 국제프랜차이징연구의 전체적인 연구체계를 세워보고, 연구체계를 형성하고 있는 연구요인들을 확인하여 각 연구요소별로 이루어지는 연구주제와 내용을 살펴보고, 앞으로의 연구주제들을 제안하고자 한다. 주요한 연구요소들은 국제프랜차이징의 동기 및 환경 요소과 진출의사결정, 국제프랜차이징의 진입양식 및 발전전략, 국제프랜차이징의 운영전략 및 국제프랜차이징의 성과이다. 이외에도 국제프랜차이징 연구에 적용할 수 있는 대리인이론, 자원기반이론, 거래비용이론, 조직학습이론 및 해외진출이론들을 설명하였다. 또한 국제프랜차이징연구에서 보다 중점적으로 개발해야 할 질적, 양적 방법론을 소개하였으며, 마지막으로 국내연구의 동향을 정리하여 추후의 연구방향을 종합적으로 정리하였다.

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인지된 위험의 유형이 소비자 신뢰 및 온라인 구매의도에 미치는 영향 (The Impact of Perceived Risks Upon Consumer Trust and Purchase Intentions)

  • 홍일유;김우성;임병하
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 2011
  • Internet-based commerce has undergone an explosive growth over the past decade as consumers today find it more economical as well as more convenient to shop online. Nevertheless, the shift in the common mode of shopping from offline to online commerce has caused consumers to have worries over such issues as private information leakage, online fraud, discrepancy in product quality and grade, unsuccessful delivery, and so forth, Numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the role of perceived risk as a chief barrier to online purchases and to understand the theoretical relationships among perceived risk, trust and purchase intentions, However, most studies focus on empirically investigating the effects of trust on perceived risk, with little attention devoted to the effects of perceived risk on trust, While the influence trust has on perceived risk is worth studying, the influence in the opposite direction is equally important, enabling insights into the potential of perceived risk as a prohibitor of trust, According to Pavlou (2003), the primary source of the perceived risk is either the technological uncertainty of the Internet environment or the behavioral uncertainty of the transaction partner. Due to such types of uncertainty, an increase in the worries over the perceived risk may negatively affect trust, For example, if a consumer who sends sensitive transaction data over Internet is concerned that his or her private information may leak out because of the lack of security, trust may decrease (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), By the same token, if the consumer feels that the online merchant has the potential to profit by behaving in an opportunistic manner taking advantage of the remote, impersonal nature of online commerce, then it is unlikely that the merchant will be trusted, That is, the more the probable danger is likely to occur, the less trust and the greater need to control the transaction (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), In summary, a review of the related studies indicates that while some researchers looked at the influence of overall perceived risk on trust level, not much attention has been given to the effects of different types of perceived risk, In this context the present research aims at addressing the need to study how trust is affected by different types of perceived risk, We classified perceived risk into six different types based on the literature, and empirically analyzed the impact of each type of perceived risk upon consumer trust in an online merchant and further its impact upon purchase intentions. To meet our research objectives, we developed a conceptual model depicting the nomological structure of the relationships among our research variables, and also formulated a total of seven hypotheses. The model and hypotheses were tested using an empirical analysis based on a questionnaire survey of 206 college students. The reliability was evaluated via Cronbach's alphas, the minimum of which was found to be 0.73, and therefore the questionnaire items are all deemed reliable. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) designed to check the validity of the measurement model indicate that the convergent, discriminate, and nomological validities of the model are all acceptable. The structural equation modeling analysis to test the hypotheses yielded the following results. Of the first six hypotheses (H1-1 through H1-6) designed to examine the relationships between each risk type and trust, three hypotheses including H1-1 (performance risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust), H1-2 (psychological risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) and H1-5 (online payment risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) were supported with path coefficients of -0.30, -0.27 and -0.16 respectively. Finally, H2 (trust ${\rightarrow}$ purchase intentions) was supported with relatively high path coefficients of 0.73. Results of the empirical study offer the following findings and implications. First. it was found that it was performance risk, psychological risk and online payment risk that have a statistically significant influence upon consumer trust in an online merchant. It implies that a consumer may find an online merchant untrustworthy if either the product quality or the product grade does not match his or her expectations. For that reason, online merchants including digital storefronts and e-marketplaces are suggested to pursue a strategy focusing on identifying the target customers and offering products that they feel best meet performance and psychological needs of those customers. Thus, they should do their best to make it widely known that their products are of as good quality and grade as those purchased from offline department stores. In addition, it may be inferred that today's online consumers remain concerned about the security of the online commerce environment due to the repeated occurrences of hacking or private information leakage. Online merchants should take steps to remove potential vulnerabilities and provide online notices to emphasize that their website is secure. Second, consumer's overall trust was found to have a statistically significant influence on purchase intentions. This finding, which is consistent with the results of numerous prior studies, suggests that increased sales will become a reality only with enhanced consumer trust.