• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2021

This paper studied the origin of Myeongnyundang(明倫堂), the common name of the main lecture halls at confucian schools in ancient China. Through an extensive investigation of local chronicles, biographies, decrees and construction essays, it found the first Myeongnyundang were titled on the main hall of a local school in the early Southern Song(南宋) period, and it might become the most popular name due to Zhuxi (朱熹), a famous confucian scholar in the Southern Song dynasty. In Yuan(元) period, it almost become the fixed name for the main lecture hall at local confucian schools, and even the official government documents began to use it as a common noun since the beginning of Ming(明) dynasty.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.353-357
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• 2001

The pathogenesis of the nasal polyp is multifactorial and choanal polyps can be defined by its origin of genesis: antrochoanal (maxillochoanal), ethmochoanal and sphenochoanal polyp. Transforming growth $factor-{\beta}\;(TGF-{\beta})$ has various biologic activities, including the regulation of epithelial proliferation, the promotion of extracellular matrix formation and the induction of angiogenesis, hence closely related to pathogenesis of nasal polyp. Twenty cases of choanal polyps (13 antrochoanal, 4 ethmochoanal and 3 sphenochoanal polyps) were included in this study. Each polyp was subdivided into its origin, pedicle and choanal part. Hematoxylin and eosin stain for routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect expression of $TGF-{\beta}1.$ According to polyp type, edematous type is common at origin part and fibrous type at choanal part, and showed no difference at pedicle part in frequency. In ethmochoanal and sphenochoanal polyps, glandulocystic and edematous type is more common than fibrous type. $TGF-{\beta}1$ was expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. There was no different expression of $TGF-{\beta}1$ in each kind of choanal polyps and separate parts in each polyp. But histologic finding of choanal polyp is different between origin, pedicle and choanal part. Also infiltration of inflammatory cells including eosinophils has no difference between origin site. The expression of $TGF-{\beta}1$ was observed at all the choanal polyps and no difference between origin site and each portions was noted.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.159-179
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• 2016

Companies do not be resolved by the FTA services of external aid should be operational by assigning dedicated personnel inside the company. FTA is a choice, not an essential trade agreement requirements. If the exporter contracts to provide a certificate of origin in trade agreements, it shall issue a certificate of origin of goods originating management is performed. When considering the future trend of spreading wide FTA, it should be extended to one year to take advantage of the FTA Certificate of Origin environments utilizing a comprehensive environment for regional countries that require proof of origin between certain countries, such as current. FTA utilization of the future is to utilize the GVC(Global Value Chain) efficiently. In other words, the expansion of the consumer market and take advantage of an efficient production base across borders. These environmental changes are needed development of the FTA utilization promotion and FTA experts. The experts studying how to procure raw materials or intermediate goods exports in a variety of regional foreign countries, to meet the rules of origin is required for a successful FTA utilization. One of the objectives of Origin managers are qualified experts in the country of origin can take advantage of the FTA plan. Therefore, managers of origin shall collect their ability to expand the understanding and information about the industry as an international business perspective beyond the Certificate of Origin. In addition, it should be in their best learning expertise for the introduction and development of country of origin control system in an effort to effectively perform its international FTA utilization. Once the FTA is more widespread in the future and build a common origin information it must not be disconnected until the export enterprises from terminal manufacturers systematically. Therefore origin management is preferred by expanding the knowledge base of teaching and learning in the common sense to the universal subject of specialization from professional schools to promote the relevant departments so that they can be opened in a college or university. An FTA hub linking East and West, also need the confidence that in order to become a center of Glabal Supply Chain Using an FTA Certificate of Origin and stable environment for importers to import products from the country offers. Certificate of Origin and all of them thoroughly exporters and companies related to the administration of origin and should create an atmosphere that can effectively respond to the origin verification. Korea shall endeavor to elicit a geopolitical value (FTA Hub), as well as securing a competitive advantage in the global industry leverage, trading at a reasonable price competitive products thereby enhancing production and economic growth through the FTA.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2011

Purpose: We report here on two cases of calcific tendinitis at the origin of the common extensor tendons of the forearm. Materials and Methods: A 42 year-old female complained of left elbow pain and flexion contracture. After obtaining the simple radiographs and MRI, surgical excision of the calcific deposits was done under the diagnosis of calcific tendinitis. A 25 year-old female complained of right elbow pain and a limited range of motion. Simple radiographs showed a calcific deposit just distal to the lateral epicondyle, and then she was managed with extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Results: The pain disappeared completely and both patients regained a full range of motion after treatments. Conclusion: Calcific tendinitis at the origin of the common extensor tendons of the forearm should be included in the differential diagnosis of the lateral elbow diseases that cause pain and a limited range of motion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.948-952
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• 2021

The absence of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the common origin of the left external carotid artery (ECA) and the right CCA are rare anomalies of the cervical vascular system. We report here a case involving the coexistence of these vascular anomalies with an aberrant right subclavian artery, which is a common congenital anomaly in the aortic arch, and review the embryologic mechanism and clinical importance of this case.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2007

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) has been a convenient term used to classify patients who warrant a particular systemic approach to diagnostic evaluation and management. The greatest clinical concern in evaluating FUO is identifying patients whose fever has a serious or life-threatening cause when a delay in diagnosis could jeopardize successful intervention. Thorough history and complete physical examination are critical to uncover the etiologic diagnosis. Most cases of FUO in children are caused by atypical presentations of common diseases rather than by typical manifestations of rare disorders. Selection of diagnostic tests and speed of investigation should be guided by a knowledge of the disease severity, patient age, epidemiologic and geographic information, and any positive findings from a detailed history and physical examination. The three most common causes of FUO in children are infectious diseases, connective tissue diseases, and malignancy. In general, the prognosis of FUO in children is better than that of adults. Although the outcome is dependent on the primary disease process, fever abates spontaneously in most cases in whom the cause of fever remains unclear.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2008

Objective : To understand the anatomic characteristics of the aortic arch (AA) and its major branches to build a foundation toward performing endovascular surgery safely. Methods : A total of 25 formalin fixed Korean adult cadavers were used. The authors investigated : anatomical variations of the AA and its major branches; curvature of the AA; distance from the mid-vertebrae line to the origin of the major branches; distances from the origin of the major branches of AA to the origin of its distal branches; and the angle of the three major branches, the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and the left subclavian artery (LSCA) arising from AA. Results : The three major branches directly originated from AA in 21 (84%) of the cadavers. In two (8%) of remaining four cadavers. orifice of LCCA was slightly above the stem of BCT. In remaining two (8%) cadavers, the left vertebral artery (LVA) was directly originated from AA. Average angle of AA curvature to the coronal plane was 62.2 degrees. BCT originated 0.92 mm on the right of the mid-vertebrae line. LCCA and LSCA originated from 12.3 mm and 22.8 mm on the left of the mid-vertebrae line. Mean distance from the origin of the BCT to the origin of the RCCA was 32.5 mm. Mean distance from the origin of the LSCA to the origin of the LVA was 33.8 mm. Average angles at which the major branches arise from the AA were 65.3, 46.9 and 63.8 degrees. Conclusion : This study may provides a basic anatomical information to catheterize AA and its branches for safely performing endovascular surgery.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.143-166
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• 2011

This paper describes the characteristics and outline of rules of origin among Korea and USA, EU, ASEAN. The main focus of this paper is to conduct comparative analysis on rules of origin. Rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin of a product for purposes of international trade. There are two common types of rules of origin depending upon application, the preferential and non-preferential rules of origin Non-preferential rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin for certain purposes. The basis for the non-preferential rules originates from the Kyoto convention which states that if a product is wholly obtained or produced completely within one country the product shall be deemed having origin in that country. For a product which has been produced in more than one country, the product shall be determined to have origin in the country where the last substantial transformation took place. To determine exactly what was the last substantial transformation, three general rules are applied : Change of tariff classification(on any level, though 4-digit level is the most common), Value added-rule.(ad-valorem), and Specific process rule. While criteria of wholly obtained or produced in one country is almost similar to those of theses area and countries, in compliance with value percentages of Substantial Transformation, sufficient working or processing, Korea-US FTA adapts 'Regional Value Content', meanwhile Korea-EU FTA adapts 'Import Content' rule. Finally, Korea-US FTA and ASEAN FTA adapt FOB price for the calculation value added, on the other hand Korea-EU FTA adapts EXW price.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.111-114
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• 2000

Pain around the posterior iliac crest area is usually attributed to disorders of the lower lumbar or lumbosacral spine. However, low back pain arising from the thoracolumbar region is common and it is very similar to low back pain of lumbosacral origin. Low back pain of thoracolumbar origin is clinically distinguished from other nonspecific low back pain syndrome. It is characterized by symptoms localized at one posterior iliac crest innervated by posterior branch of $T_{12}$ spinal nerve. Patients never complain of spontaneous pain at the thoracolumbar junction. Only localized tenderness over involved segments of thoracolumbar junction can be noted. We report two cases of posterior iliac crest pain of thoracolumbar origin which was relieved by the treatment on the thoracolumbar junction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 2016

To assess genetic diversity and maternal origin of Turkish and Iranian native chicken breeds, we analyzed the mtDNA D-loop sequences of 222 chickens from 2 Turkish (Denizli and Gerze) and 7 Iranian (White Marandi, Black Marandi, Naked Neck, Common Breed, Lari, West Azarbaijan, and New Hampshire) native chicken breeds, together with the available reference sequences of G. gallus gallus in GenBank. The haplotype diversity was estimated as $0.24{\pm}0.01$ and $0.36{\pm}0.02$ for Turkish and Iranian populations, respectively. In total, 19 haplotypes were observed from 24 polymorphic sites in Turkish and Iranian native chicken populations. Two different clades or haplogroups (A and E) were found in Turkish and Iranian chickens. Clade A haplotypes were found only in White Marandi, Common Breed and New Hampshire populations. Clade E haplotypes, which are quite common, were observed in Turkish and Iranian populations with 18 different haplotypes, of which Turkish and Iranian chickens, Clade E, haplotype 1 (TRIRE1) was a major haplotype with the frequency of 81.5% (181/222) across all breeds. Compared to red jungle fowl, Turkish and Iranian chicken breeds are closely related to each other. These results suggest that Turkish and Iranian chickens originated from the same region, the Indian subcontinent. Our results will provide reliable basic information for mtDNA haplotypes of Turkish and Iranian chickens and for studying the origin of domestic chickens.