• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2001

This study focused on the understanding the life of the elderly in the institution by phenomenological method. The participants were seven. who were 4 men and 3 women living in the elderly institution in Taegu. The data were collected through the indepth interviews and participant observation from June 20. 1999 to January 10. 2000 and analyzed by phenomenological analytic method by Giorgi. The structure of the meaning were as follows: Unhappy life: irresponsibility. self-centered thought. hardness. Irresistible life: misfortune. unhealthiness. Reading their son's intention. Bitter life: unfair treatment from their sons and daughters, betrayed feeling for their being thrown away. Outside oriented life: a fear of others' attention, wrong information about institutionalized life, maladjustment. Self-consolation life: comfortableness, convenience, economic merit of low cost. Dissatisfied life: discomfort from communal living. unkindness of the institution staffs, depreciated tendency to the elder people, irrational social security system. economic distress, physical pain, restrained feeling. Tenacity to their sons and daughters longingness for their sons and daughters, regretableness, waiting, Regretable life: remorse for their past life. agony, guilty, loneliness, grief, self-abandonment, self-depreciation, other residents' death in common. Inharmonious life with other residents complaint, conflict, ignorance, selfishness. Yearning life for opposite sex: sexual interest. Preparing for their life: control over their body and mind, consideration for others. A life with hope: blessing death, forever healthfulness, affiliation to their family. From the results of this study an education and consultation should be done as soon as possible to remove the negative recognition of the institutional life to the facility residents. the family and the future consumers of elderly institution. To minimize the maladjustment to facility life of residents, a new program and interventions for the new comer's are needed. The thesis with above results will widen the understandings of institutional residents and an important guidance for a better nursing care in elderly institutions of korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1015-1018
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• 2007

VE is one of the most effective and systematic tool available to achieve the required function at minimum cost and manage in many industrial fields. The purpose of the preparation phase VE job plan is to establish a cooperation system referring to groups for the successful implementation of VE, and to achieve a common objective to collect sufficient materials required in the analysis phase. The Quality Model is used to measure the requirement of shareholders(users and owners)in the project. It also offers a guideline on decision making when executing the function definition, function arrangement, function evaluation, and the idea evaluation of VE. However, the current the preparation phase business confirms that the required items of owners and users has not suggested definite goals and directions. This study analyzes the problems of current work in the preparation phase from case study, survey and interviews of experts. It then proposes a new process after understanding the required items of owners, users and experts.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.111-119
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• 2008

VE is one of the most effective and systematic tool available to achieve the required function at minimum cost and manage in many industrial fields. The purpose of the preparation phase VE job plan is to establish a cooperation system referring to groups for the successful implementation of VE, and to achieve a common objective to collect sufficient materials required in the analysis phase. The Quality Model is used to measure the requirement of shareholders(users and owners)in the project. It also offers a guideline on decision making when executing the function definition, function arrangement, function evaluation, and the idea evaluation of VE. However, the current the preparation phase business confirms that the required items of owners and users has not suggested definite goals and directions. This study analyzes the problems of current work in the preparation phase from case study, survey and interviews of experts. It then proposes a new process after understanding the required items of owners, users and experts.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.173-188
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• 1998

In this paper we discussed various types of electronic payment schemes that are emerging. Threats vary from malicious hackers attempting to crash a system, to threats to data or transaction integrity. An understanding of the various types of threats can assist a security manager in selecting appropriate cost-effective controls to protect valuable information resources. An overview of many of today's common threats presented in this paper will be useful to mangers studying their own threat environments with a view toward developing solutions specific to their organization. To ensure security on the Internet, several methods have been developed and deployed. They include authentication of users and servers, encryption, and data integrity. Transaction security is critical : without it, information transmitted over the Internet is susceptible to fraud and other misuse. So computer systems represents an Intermediary with the potential to access the flow of information between a user. Security is needed to ensure that intermediaries cannot eavesdrop on transactions, or copy/modify data. Online firms must take additional precautions to prevent security breaches. To protect consumer information, they must maintain physical security of their servers and control access to software passwords and private keys. Techniques such as secret and public-key encryption and digital signatures play a crucial role in developing consumer confidence in electronic commerce.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2002

We have developed Real-time Phase DAta processor(RPDAP) for GPS L1 carrie. And also, we tested the RPDAP's positioning accuracy compared with results of real time kinematic(RTK) positioning. While quality of the conventional L1 RTK positioning highly depend on receiving condition, the RPDAP can gives more stable positioning result because of different set of common GPS satellites, which searched by elevation mask angle and signal strength. In this paper, we demonstrated characteristics of the RPDAP compared with the L1 RTK technique. And we discussed several improvement ways to apply the RPDAP to precise real-time positioning using low-cost GPS receiver. With correcting the discussed weak points in new future, the RPDAP will be used in the field of precise real-time application, such as precise car navigation and precise personal location services.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for development of environmental design technology for greenhouses constructed in reclaimed lands. We analyzed the climatic conditions around seven major reclaimed land areas in Korea, which have a plan to install advanced horticultural complexes. The characteristics of heating load through the thermal environment measurement of the greenhouse in Saemangeum were analyzed. The part to be applied to the environmental design of the greenhouses in reclaimed lands were reviewed. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the experimental greenhouse with the aluminum screen and multi-layer thermal curtain averaged $3.79W/m^2^{\circ}C$. It represents a 44 % heat savings rate compared with plastic greenhouses with a single covering, which was significantly lower than that of the common greenhouses with 2-layer thermal curtains. This is because the experimental greenhouse was installed on reclaimed land and wind was stronger than the inland area. Among the total heating load, the transmission heat loss accounted for 96.4~99.9 %, and the infiltration loss and the ground heat exchange were low. Therefore, it is necessary to take countermeasures to minimize the transmission heat loss for greenhouses constructed in reclaimed lands. As the reclaimed land is located on the seaside, the wind is stronger than the inland area, and the fog is frequent. Especially, Saemangeum area has 2.6 times stronger wind speed and 3.4 times longer fog duration than the inland area. In designing the heating systems for greenhouses in reclaimed lands, it is considered that the maximum heating load should be calculated by applying the wind coefficient larger than the inland area. It is reasonable to estimate the operation cost of the heating system by applying the adjustment factor 10 % larger than the average in calculating the seasonal heating load.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.372-378
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• 2015

Smoke generated from business establishments and factories will not only cause air pollution but also have a significant impact on the human body. Generally, the most common method for measuring the turbidity of the plume generated from the stack is a method of observing by the transmissometer mounted in the chimney or Method 9 from the US EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) which is a visual method of determining plume turbid emitted from stationary sources. However, these methods need a lot of cost to build and maintain. In this paper, we build a plume turbidity measurement module programs using a digital camera. We design and implement a module which acquires the pictures of the plume using a digital camera and measures the turbidity of it using the DOM(Digital Optical Method). In addition, we demonstrate the excellence by comparing and analyzing implemented module and other methods.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.353-358
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• 2017

This study aims to propose an assessment tool of port service quality (PSQ) in the context of container transport logistics (CTLs), by taking the perspectives from port users. The CTLs defined in this study are the relevant activities of serving the physical flows of a container box from a point of origin via a container port to a point of destination. To address the ports' role in collaboration between its channel members in CTLs, the PSQ measures for all port user groups (i.e. common PSQ measures) are selected based on the relevant CTLs activities involved by port, and its users within terminal/port area as well as throughout the CTLs chain. An importance-performance analysis (IPA) is applied as a diagnostic tool to analyse the status quo of Busan Port in CTLs contexts, by comparing the importance and performance (IP ) scores against each individual CTLs criterion. The findings from the IPA reveal that port managers and policy makers at the Busan Port should concentrate on six PSQ measures (i.e. SR1, SR4, ITS1, VAS1, VAS4, ICI3) to enhance PSQ in CTLs. However, four measures (i.e. ITS2, ITS3, ITS4, VAS2) are identified as a possible overkill, indicating an area of inefficiency where a remedial action of the cost-cutting decision is necessary. On the other hand, the Busan port shows an outstanding performance on four measures such as SR2, SR3, ICI1 and ICI2. The measures are not only important but also high performance. The study findings provide managerial guidance to port managers in Busan Port, in view of searching for managerial and operational strategies for sustainable port growth.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2017

Purpose: Fingertip amputations are the most common type of upper limb amputations. Composite grafting is a simple and cost-effective technique. Although many factors have investigated the success of composite grafting, the success rate is not high. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether the microscopic procedure process during composite grafts improves the success rate. Materials and Methods: Thirteen cases of unreplantable fingertip amputation underwent a microscopic resection procedure for composite graft in the operating room. The principle of the procedure was to remove the least devitalized tissue, maximize the clean tissue preservation and exact trimming of the acral vessel and to remove as many foreign bodies as possible. Results: All fingertips in the thirteen patients survived completely without additional procedures. Conclusion: Composite grafting allows for the preservation of length while avoiding the donor site morbidity of locoregional flaps. Most composite grafts are performed as quickly as possible in a gross environment. However, we take noticed the microscopic resection. This process is thought to increase the survival rate for the following reasons. First, the minimal resection will maximize the junction surface area and increase serum imbibition. Second, sophisticated trimming of injured distal vessels will increase the likelihood of inosculation. Third, accurate foreign body removal will reduce the probability of infection and make it possible to increase the concentration and efficiency in a microscopic environment. Although there is a need for more research into the mechanisms, we recommend using a composite graft under the microscopic environment.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-88
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• 1997

In Korea, telemedicine is still under the beginning stage, but we expect that the developing 'Information Highway' will make this technology more common place and more easily used in coming soon. Currently, three hospitals are providing telemedicine services with their subsidiary hospitals which are far away from their remote place. However, the fee schedule of telemedicine services are not well-settled down, of course not reimbursed through current health insurance system. This study aims to develop new payment system for medical services provided through telemedicaine system. To design appropriate fee schedule for telemedicine services, we, first, review the current insurance payment system and telemedicine system both in domestic and foreign countries focusing on its payment system. A framework of telemedicine payment system is proposed in following steps based on information we acquired from this stage. Second. We decide the span of cost items which should be covered by telemedicine payment scheme. In hear, we suggest payment method for telemedicine services should be designed as dual structure which are telemedicine fee that should be reimbursed through payment scheme and any costs related to capital investment that should not be covered by payment system. Which is, payment system for telemedicine services should cover only service-related costs and any costs related to capital investment should be generated through third party such as government, health insurance association, etc. Finally, we suggest new fee schedules for telemedicine services. The key issues on developing telemedicine fee schedules are related with the determination of appropriate additional rate($\alpha$). The reasonable additional rate($\alpha$) must determine through careful evaluation of any additional efforts(e. g. : additional work hours which are related to providing telemedicine services). This study shows the process of how to determine appropriate additional rate($\alpha$).