• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.349-360
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• 2023

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Weight 23.05 ± 6.98 g, Length 12.65 ± 1.38 cm) were exposed to waterborne nitrite at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg NO₂ ^-/L for 96 hours. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of C. carpio exposed to waterborne nitrite was 398.6 mg NO₂ ^-/L. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC count were significantly decreased by waterborne nitrite exposure. The MCV (mean mean corpuscular volume) (µl), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) (pg) and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) (%) were significantly increased. The inorganic component, plasma calcium, was significantly increased, and the organic components such as plasma cholesterol and total protein were significantly increased showing a similar tendency with calcium. In enzymatic components, the AST and ALT were also significantly increased by nitrite exposure. The results of this study indicate that exposure to nitrite can affect the survival and hematological physiology of C. carpio.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.395-401
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• 2023

Myxosporeans are widespread cnidarian endoparasites in marine and freshwater ecosystems and several species were reported to be a threat to cultured fish causing serious diseases with mass mortality. In the present study, we found a myxosporean species in the genus Thelohanellus from the gills of the cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling for the first time in Korea. The morphological observation showed 500 ㎛ ~ 1 mm size, oval to circular shaped plasmodia containing spores which are pyriform at the anterior end and round at the posterior end (average size 20.1 ㎛ × 9.1 ㎛), with 5 to 6 turns of a single polar filament located in the polar capsule with an average size of 10 ㎛ × 4.6 ㎛. The 18S rRNA sequence was closest to the sequence of T. wangi among Thelohanellus species infecting gills but was not completely identical. Based on the morphological characteristics and molecular analysis results, we classified the present myxosporean parasite as Thelohanellus sp., temporarily. The prevalence and infection intensity of Thelohanellus sp. in the common carp fingerling were very high, which was thought to be the main cause of high mortality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.329-332
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• 1982

A Series of trials for the spawning induction of the Israeli strain of common carp were carried out at the fish culture research station of National Fisheries University of Pusan from 1978 to 1981. 1, During 3 years up to the first periods in 1980 carp pituitaries and/or commercial gonadotropic hormone was used to induce the brood fish to spawn without success. In the trials in the later periods in 1980 and in 1981, water temperature increase method was used with success in 40 females of 16 trials leaving a single failure with 2 females. 2. Brood fish had been kept in a small circular tank ($7\;m^2$) continuously supplied with cool well water enough to keep the water temperature in the tank relatively cool, ranging from 16.9 to $20.2^{\circ}C$, and the water in the spawning tank ($15\;m^2$) was 3.0 to $6.5^{\circ}C$ higher than in the brood fish holding tank. 3. It could be said that the spawning of Israeli strain of common carp in Korea hardly occur without water temperature increase even though treated with hormone.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2008

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from leakage of fossil fuels and incomplete combustion of organic materials have been considered as harmful contaminants in environments. This study evaluated the effect of benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), one of the PAHs, using the multiple biomarkers and applied the integration model with those biomarker responses. After 10 days of the exposure at the measured concentrations of BkF (6, 25, and 45 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), the changes of the four biomarkers, that is, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), DNA single-strand breaks (Comet), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vitellogenin (VTG) in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were observed. The standardized values of four biomarker responses were computed and integrated as star plots, representing Integrated Biomarker Respnse (IBR) values. DNA damage was induced in a dose-dependent manner, and increased significantly compared with that in the control. EROD and VTG levels were significantly elevated at low concentrations of BkF. On the other hand, AChE activities were not altered by BkF. IBR values increased as the exposure concentrations increased. Thus, the metabolic, endocrine and genetic changes of the biomarker responses in the common carp exposed to BkF should be considered in the case of the ecological risk assessment of the BkF in fish and it can be used as a biomonitoring tool in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, star plots can be used as a useful analysis tool in multibiomarker integration approach.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.210-221
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• 2020

Since the introduction of Israeli carp into Korea for farming in 1973, there are no breeding studies on developing Korea Israeli carp (domestic) so far. This study performed gene-based cross-breeding studies to restore genetic diversity of lowered Israeli carp through continuous inbreeding, and for rapid growth and better scales. This study produced four cross-breeding groups (F1) using Koean Israeli carp and Chinese Songpu mirror carp for the improvement of growth and scale of Israeli carp in Korea. And mating scheme for breeding groups was set in consideration of the morphological analysis and genetic distance of broodstock. In addition, this study used microsatellite markers and genotype data to analyze genetic diversity and parentage analysis. As a result, the average N_A and H_E values of Korean select broodstock are 8.3 and 0.743, and F1 is 13.0 and 0.764. This study shows that the genetic diversity of F1 has been recovered over Korean Israeli carp through breeding between Korean Israeli carp and Chinese Songpu mirror carp. Common Israeli carp in Korea reached 1.7 kg in 17 months, and improved Israeli carp reached to 2.2 kg. The KC (Korea×China, KC) group was 2.52 and broodstock group was 3.15. F1 showed lower scale score (0.63) than broodstock. The improved carp (F1; CK, KC) had 20% better scales than the parent group (F0), which improved 27% in weight and 25% in scales compared to common Israeli carp. The Israeli carp developed by the genetics-based breeding grew quicker and had improved genetic diversity and fewer scales, which will be of great value for Korean Israeli aquaculture industry due to good marketability.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.491-495
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• 1985

A series of growth experiment on the effect of phosphate addition to a common carp feed contatining a large amount of soybean meal were conducted at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan from November 2, 1984 to February 3, 1985. Carp feed containing $40\%$ soybean meal performs very poorly but when supplemented with $2\%$ dibasic sodium phosphate the feed gave a very good performance almost similar to one of the best carp feed commercially available. In this 94 day experiment, phosphate added feed resulted in 1.431 in food coefficient, and 1.619 in daily growth rate for common carp of 73.3g in initial weight, and 1.558 and $1.589\%$ for those of 26.7g, respectively, compared to the performance of the feed without phosphate addition, which resulted in 1.863 in food coefficient and $1.365\%$ in daily growth rate for the large ones, and 1.820 and $1.438\%$ for the small ones, respectively, thus indicating that carp feeds containing a large amount of soybean meal could effectively be used if a proper amount of phosphorus is supplemented.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.437-446
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• 2023

Cyprinids are popular species for aquaculture worldwide, with Asia being a significant contributor to their production. In Korea, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), and goldfish (Carassius auratus) are cultivated domestically and imported for ornamental or human consumption purposes. Among the viruses that infect cyprinids, cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), koi herpesvirus (KHV, also known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3), and carp edema virus (CEV) are of particular concern as they cause substantial economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated these viruses in both of domestic and imported cyprinids. Our results revealed that CyHV-2 was only detected in imported goldfish from Thailand. To further investigate the genetic characteristics of them, the marker A region was analyzed. Despite belonging to the same cluster with isolates from China, France, Poland, and Israel, CyHV-2 detected in this study showed distinct differences in their repetitive sequence sizes. Furthermore, two different forms of KHV/CEV coinfection were identified from domestic koi carp, both of which exhibited typical symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis showed that one KHV isolate (ScKc-2105-K) was of the Asian type and closely related to isolates from Japan, Indonesia, Belgium, Taiwan, and China. Two CEV isolates (ScKc-2105-CE and GhKc-2207-CE) be- longed to the IIa type and showed high similarity with isolates from the USA, France, and Korea. Notably, koi carp injected with cultured KHV (ScKc-2105-K) showed 78.0% cumulative mortality within 14 days post-injection (dpi). Our findings support the importance of regular surveillance of viral diseases in cyprinids.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.55-59
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• 1997

Furfural, an organic solvent, is widely used as synthetic component material in producing chemical products. However, furfural has been reported that it shows strong toxicities to human being showing intense stimulus to skin, eyes, mucous membrane and nerve system. It is also known to cause anemia, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure and genetic toxicity in the human being working in the exposed area. LD$_{50}$ of furfural for peritoneal injected mouse has been known around 20mg/kg, but the acute toxicity on aquatic organisms such as fish, daphnid or algae are not well known, compared to those on rodents. In this experiment, we studied on the fish toxicity of furfural using Japanese Medaka (Orvzias latipes) and Common Carp (Cvprinus carpio). We also observed histological changes in the fish organs. The LC$_{50}$ were 12. Smg/L in Japanese Medaka and 21.8 mg/L in Common Carp, respectively. When Common Carps were exposed to 120mg/L of furfural concentration for 30 minutes, blood congestion in gills and lysis of secondary lamella were shown. Though the muscle of caudal fin was not completely eroded, its epidermic cells were shown to be necrotic in various parts. Tissue atrophy and cell necrosis were also shown in the liver of Common Carps exposed to furfural. From these results, furfural seems to cause histological damages on liver, an internal organ as well as on external organs such as gills and fins eventhough the fish were exposed for a short-term.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2004

Interferons are kinds of cytokines that play an important role in antiviral defense mechanisms during viral infection by converting cells to synthesize proteins that inhibit viral replication. In the present study, an antiviral response against Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) was developed in common carp, Cyprinus carpio following stimulation with the potent interferon inducer, poly inosinic : cytidylic acid (poly I:C). Poly I:C injected fish showed lower cumulative mortalities against SVCV than untreated fish did. Moreover, in vitro study showed that head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) produced an interferon-like cytokine (ILC) after stimulation with poly I:C. According cytopathic effect reduction (CPER) assay to examine antiviral activity of crude ILC, the capacity of HKLs for ILC production was highest at 1×$10^6$cells/ml and significantly enhanced when treated with 20~50$\mu{g}$/ml of poly I:C. The optimal temperature and concentration of FBS to induce the highest ILC production were $20^\circ{C}$ and 5%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 1991

Digestibilities of nutrients and energy are among the most important parameters to be determined in feed evaluation research. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, total carbohydrate (TCHO), fat, energy and amino acids were determined for 14 common feed ingredients using chromic oxide as external indicator with Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio). The ingredients tested were; corn, corn starch, gelatinized starch, wheat middling, wheat grade inferior, corn gluten meal, rapeseed meal (solvent extracted), soybean meal (solvent extracted), blood meal (drum dried), feather meal(hydrolyzed), file fish meal (flame dried), sardine fish meal (steam dried), sardine fish meal (flame dried) and brewers yeast (dehydrated). The overall ADC values were high in Israeli carp showing high capacity to digest their feed ingredients irrespective of plant or animal sources. In addition the ADC of plant protein was high enough to support the successful supplementation of fish meal with other plant proteins.