• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.555-559
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• 2012

Manures contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that pose a risk to human or animal. On-farm contaminations through contaminated manure were considered likely sources of the pathogen for several outbreak. Pathogenic microorganisms may survive in low numbers during the composting process and subsequently regrow to high levels under favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with S. enterica and S. aureus. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. S. enterica persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. S. aureus persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 90 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicate that S. enterica and S. aureus persisted longer under low temperature condition. S. enterica survived longer than S. aureus at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application of livestock manure compost for sustainable agriculture. Results from these studies provide useful information in identifying manure handling practices to reduce the risk of S. enterica and S. aureus transmission to fresh produce.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Water drainage from the open hydroponics often causes significant environmental pollution due to agrochemicals and loss of water and nutrients. The objectives of this study were to show the potential application of an irrigation schedule based on threshold values of volumetric substrate water content for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Samsamgu') cultivation in a commercial hydroponic farm during spring to summer cultivation. This study was performed for minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation, as compared with an integrated solar-radiation (IR) and conventional timer-irrigation (TIMER) after transplanting. In results, no significant difference in daily irrigation volume was found among the treatments until 88 days after transplant (DAT). However, during the 88 to 107 DAT, the daily irrigation volume was in the order of IR (2125 mL) > TIMER (2063 mL) > FDR (1983 mL), and during the 108 to 120 DAT, it was in the order of IR (2000 mL) > TIMER (1664 mL) > FDR (1500 mL). The lowest drainage volume was observed in the FDR treatment with the order of IR (12~19%) > TIMER (4~12%) > FDR (0~7%) during the entire growing period. A lower irrigation volume in the FDR treatment after 88 DAT may be due to the sensor's detecting capacity for less water absorption by plant after completing fruit maturity with apical pruning and removal of lower leaves, while a higher irrigation volume in the IR treatment may be due to gradual increase in integrated solar-radiation amount as closer to summer season. There was no significant difference in plant growth and fruit yield among the treatments; however, a 11% and 18% of higher soluble sugar content was observed in the FDR than that of TIMER and IR treatment. respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 2012

With the addition of ethanol to wax gourd extract and by acetic fermentation, 5.0% acidity vinegar was produced. After putting 10% extract(10% concentration) of Chrysanthemum zawadskii in this, and by dissolving shell, Chrysanthemum zawadskii-pearl vinegar was produced. When a 1% of ark shell, oyster shell, or ear shell was added to wax gourd vinegar, 95.6~98.4% of the shell dissolved, and when a 2% content of shell was added, 97.2~98.4% was dissolved. The acidity of vinegar which dissolved 1% shell was pH 3.0~3.17, and the acidity of vinegar which dissolved 2% shell was pH 1.11~ 1.20. The pH values of vinegar which dissolved 1%, and 2% shell contents were 4.54~4.55, and 4.86~4.95, respectively. When 1% shell was dissolved, the acidity was higher than that of commercial vinegar, with a high pH value and low level of free acid. This shows that when Chrysanthemum zawadskii 1% is added during acetic acid fermentation, the inhibition was 44.4%, and 22.2% respectively. In this regard, Chrysanthemum zawadskii should be added after the fermentation of acetic acid. The calcium content of 1% shell vinegar is 0.4%, and that of 2% vinegar is 0.78%. Non-heated native wax gourd shows an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition rate of 21.7%, an antioxidant activity of 5.23%, and a tyrosinase inhibition rate of 5.5%. In the case of heated-extracted wax gourd, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition rate was 16.1%, superoxide dismutase activity was 20.5%, antioxidant activity was 23.2%, and the tyrosinase inhibition rate was 7.1%. Also, in the case of Chrysanthemum zawadskii, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition rate was 28.8%, the xanthine oxidase inhibition rate was 28.2%, the superoxide dismutase activity was 14.5%, the antioxidant activity was 3.2%, and the tyrosinase inhibition rate was 9.2% Data also revealed that when a 10% sample of the heated-wax gourd extract was added to A549 human lung cancer epithelial cells of, the number of cancer cells declined by 80% in 72 hours, When a 10% native extract was added, the number of cells declined by, 74% in 48 hours, and when a heated-extract of Chrysanthemum zawadskii was added, 100% of the cells died after 72 hours.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the application level of expeller cake fertilizer(ECF), we have investigated soil chemical properties, leaf mineral contents and yield of tah tasai Chinese cabbage in a plastic film greenhouse. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five levels of fertilizer were applied as 0%(ECF 0), 50%(ECF 50), 75%(ECF 75), 100% (ECF 100) and 150%(ECF 150) by base 1,848 kg/ha of ECF. In 2012, tah tasai Chinese cabbage was planted on April 28 in a silt loam soil and harvested on July 12. Commercial yields were measured 10 times from May 10 to July 12. Electrical conductivity (2.24~3.09 dS/m), available $P_2O_5$(484~581 mg/kg) and exchangeable cations($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$) were tended to increase by the application of ECF. However, the range of those was not significant. The contents of T-N, K, Ca and P of tah tasai Chinese cabbage leaves were 62.2~66.5 g/kg, 44.3~48.7 g/kg, 5.1~5.9 g/kg and 5.6~6.2 g/kg, respectively. The nitrogen utilization rate of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was 39.4~51.6%, and it was decreased with increased application amount of ECF. The yield of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was 9,806 to 12,730 kg/ha on the basis of application amount of ECF and it was not increased in spite of increased ECF. CONCLUSION: The optimum dose of application of ECF for cultivation of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was ranged from 924 kg/ha(as ECF 50) to 1,386 kg/ha(as ECF 75). Environment-friendly and economical amount of applied fertilizer is more important than yield for cultivation of tah tasai Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-150
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• 1997

This Study puts the purpose to explicate the regionalities of land-lease farming by a comparative analisis of the five case study areas in Kungpook Province as the agricultural space system of Teagu metropolitan city. For the regional comparative analysis the province was divided into the three zones with the distance from the central city(Teagu): urban fringes, intermediate and remote zone, and then subdivided into the five regions by farming systems : horticulture, rice-farming, and dry-field farming. The data were collected from 77 land-leasing farmers by questionnaire and interview with farm managers in 5 sample villages representing the regionalities of the above five regions respectively. In spite of relatively restricted scope of the research areas, the analytical results appear remarkable regional differences in the characteristics of land-lease farming within a single agricultural space system. In the final analysis the regionalities of the five land-lease farming regions could be described respectively as follows. (1) Koryong-Gun in the inner urban fringe zone : The developing land-lease farming region of commercialized suburban horticulture with medium scale. (2) Songju-Gun in the outer urban fringe zone : The developing land-lease farming region of highly commercialized horticulture with large scale. (3) Uisong-Gun in the intermediate zone : The stagnated land-lease farming region of commercialized rice-farming with large scale. (4) Yongil-Gun in the intermediate zone : The stagnated land-lease farming region of commercializing dry-field farming with medium scale. (5) Ponghwa-Gun in the remote zone : The stagnated and delayed region in commercializing of intermountain dry-field land-lease farming with small scale. These varied regionalities resulted from the diverse spatiality as a complex of spatial orders and localities. The spatial orders in this study are frequently recognizable as a form of distance-decay, and the locality of a region is determined mostly by the its peculiarity of physical and population conditions. In the comparative analysis of the regionalities the degree of commercialization of a region is a most comprehensive and useful frame of reference because it reflects the degree of development of capitalist land-lease farming. Finally these apparent regional differentiations of land-lease farming within a agricultural space system raise the problem of impracticality of the existing uniform logic on the land-lease farming such as "large scale farms share larger part of leased farmland." This problem suggests the urgent need of reappraisal of many aspatial logics and theories on the land-lease farming.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare three commercially available egg testing devices for measuring egg quality. The devices used were a Laser-type (automatic), a Ultrasonic-type (automatic), and a Probe-type (manual). Fresh eggs weighing 60~68 grams were obtained from a commercial hen farm. Three trials were conducted. In Trial 1, a total of 50 eggs were successively analyzed by the three egg testing devices. In Trial 2, fresh eggs were successively analyzed by a combination of two egg testing devices. In Trial 3, a total of 600 eggs (weighing 60~68 grams) laid by same flock were selected, further divided into three sub-groups with a total of 200 eggs, and analyzed by an egg testing device. In Trials 1 and 2, no apparent difference was observed in egg weight between egg testing devices. However, albumin height was scored highest in the Ultrasonic-type egg tester followed by the Probe-type and Laser-type (Trials 1 and 2). Consequently, the Haugh unit was similarly altered. Yolk color was highest in the Laser-type egg tester followed by the Ultrasonic-type and Probe-type (Trials 1 and 2). When fresh eggs laid by a single flock were independently analyzed by three devices, egg weight did not differ, but albumin height and Haugh unit were higher (p<0.05) in the Ultrasonic-type egg tester than in the Probe-type or Laser-type testers. However, Laser-type testers produced higher (p<0.05) yolk color values than the Ultrasonic-type or Probe-type egg testers. In conclusion, the commercially available egg testing devices exhibited performance differences in measuring egg qualities, which warrants further consideration as to whether the magnitude of bias and precision between the devices could be acceptable in the egg grading system, especially when assessing eggs stored for certain durations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.414-420
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• 2012

In an effort to commercialization of energy saving aeration apparatus, panel-type aeration membranes were prepared from polyurethane sheet of J company in Korea having tensile strength higher than $400kg_f/cm^2$ with thickness of 0.5mm. Micropores of 100 m size were made by poring technique utilizing needles. From lab-tests in 450 L water tank at temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, the performance of aeration panels at 40 L/min aeration rate showed 5 mg/L DO in less than 3 minutes approaching saturation point of 8 mg/L within 8 minutes. The results show very high efficiency with $K_{La(15)}$ ($16.34hr^{-1}$), Standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE 54.7%) and Standard aeration efficienct (SAE 7.88 kg/kwh). Other pilot scale test in a $2m^3$ water tank with water temperature ($19^{\circ}C$) and aeration rate (30 L/min) showed DO exceeding 5 mg/L within 8 minutes along with $K_{La(15)}$ ($5.8hr^{-1}$), SOTE (42.1%) and SAE (6.41 kg/kwh). These efficiencies represent 2~2.5 times higher than conventional aeration devices. Especially, the achievement of higher Oxygen Transfer Rate indicate higher commercial viability. Conventional aeration devices when applied to clean water and wastewater frequently cause problems due to differences in actual Oxygen Transfer Rate. Our actual tests with $40^{\circ}C$ animal farm wastewater resulted very high efficiencies with Oxygen transfer efficiency ($OTE_f$ 22.1%) and $OTE_{pw40}$ (39.6%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1015-1021
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• 2007

To expand the use of rainbow trout, the preparation of canned rainbow trout was conducted and the characteristics were also examined. Canned boiled rainbow trout was low in moisture, while high in lipid and ash compared to commercial canned salmon. There was no difference in the protein content between two kinds of canned fish. The contents of free amino acid and total amino acid of canned boiled rainbow trout were 330.9 mg/100 g and 18.2 g/100 g, respectively, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (68.6 mg/100 g) and anserine (124.1 mg/100 g) in free amino acid and glutamic acid (18.0%), aspartic acid (8.6%), lysine (8.4%) and leucine (8.9%) in total amino acid. The mineral contents of canned boiled rainbow trout were 123.3 mg/100 g for potassium, 271.3 mg/100 g for calcium, 40.3 mg/100 g for magnesium, 2.4 mg/100 g for ferrous and 244.3 mg/100 g for phosphorus. The fatty acid composition of canned boiled rainbow trout was the highest (43.7%) in polyenoic acid, followed by monoenoic acid (28.8%) and saturated acid (27.5%) and their main fatty acids were 16:0 (18.4%), l8:1n-9 (20.6%), l8:2n-6 (17.3%) and 22:6n-3 (12.7%), respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.811-820
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• 2004

Objectives of this study was to determine the comparisons of physico-chemical characteristics in crossbred pigs(Korean native breed ${\times}$ Landrace breed) by feeding periods. A total of 150 pigs were sampled from commercial farm, and assigned into three treatedrnents. Feeding peirods of Tl, T2 and T3 were below 200 days, 220-220 days, over 220 days, respectively. Live weight, carcass weight and backfat thickness were significantly(P<0.05) increased with feeding period increased, and final grade score have significantly(P<0.05) lower when feeding period was increased. pH and water content were significantly(P<0.05) lower when feeding period was increased(over 220days). However, intramuscular fat have no significantly different among the treatments. $L^* and b^* were significantly(P<0.05) lower and a^*$ was significantly higher(P<0.05) when feeding period increased. Cooking loss was higher in the order of Tl > T3 > T2. Shear force values was significantly(P<0.05) decreased by feed period increase. In fatty acids, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and saturated fatty acid(SFA) in T2 were significantly(P<0.05) lower in T2, whereas linolenic acid, unsaturated fatty acid(UFA), essential fatty acid(EFA), UFA/SFA and EFA/SFA were significantly higher in T2 compared with other treatment. However palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid were no significantly different with feeding periods. As a result of this study, crossbred pigs was increased live weight and carcass weight with feeding periods. and improved meat color and tenderness with feeding periods. However, final grade score was decreased with feeding periods

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2013

In the present study, to determine the effects of terminal sire strains, carcass characteristics, yields of retail cut, and meat quality of 425 pigs were examined. Terminal sires were divided into five strains (D1, D2, B1, B2, and BD) based on the countries of origin and breeds. The strains D1 and D2 showed high grade 1+ appearance ratios and strains B1, B2, and D1 showed high appearance ratios of carcass yield grade A. As for the real retail cut yields of meat, strain D1 showed large real retail cut yields of meat in shoulder, rib, fore leg, loin, belly, tenderloin and hind leg. Moisture contents were significantly higher in strain B1, and protein and fat contents were significantly higher for strain D1 than in the other strains (p<0.05). Shear force values were significantly higher for strain B1 than in the other strains (p<0.05). For meat color properties, the lightness were significantly higher in strains D1, D2, and BD, and the yellowness were significantly higher in strains D1, D2, and BD relative to the other strains (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, drip of strains D1 and D2 were significantly lower while marbling and overall acceptability were significantly higher in the other four strains (p<0.05). Therefore, when considering the results of the present study comprehensively, using strains D1 and D2 that showed high grade 1+ appearance ratios, large real retail cut yields of belly, significantly higher lightness and sensory evaluation will be helpful to the incomes of producers and farm households.