• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07c
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• pp.1150-1152
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• 1998

Recently, our electric industry confronts a structural change and high competiveness environment in the course of deregulation. Rapid growth in electricity demand, financial need for new power plant construction, and envionmental problems have led to search for more efficient energy production and energy conservation techmologies. Especially, residential and commercial buildings consumes 40% of electricity demands and building energies are increasing more and more in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the electricity use of commercial buildings by end-use. Also, we will use it as a basic informations of DSM potential evaluation and evaluation process based on different approach by sector and type of potential.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.31-39
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the exterior remodeling examples of urban houses which have been changed to be mixed-use buildings with commercial use, and to guide the future exterior remodeling. Some of the research results are as follows: 1) Exterior remodeling of commercialized urban detached houses is focused on two-dimensional changes of exterior surface, rather than on three-dimensional changes of mass or shape. 2) Unlike commercial buildings generally relying on signboards to express their commercial nature, the exterior-renovated houses with commercial uses mainly rely on the image of whole building shape based on exterior materials and colors. 3) Installations of free-standing walls and double skins are preferred as exterior remodeling techniques, due to the structural limitation of exterior walls.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.381-396
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• 2020

Investigations of the commercial aircraft impact effect on nuclear island infrastructures have been drawing extensive attention, and this paper aims to perform the safety assessment of Generation III nuclear power plant (NPP) buildings subjected to typical commercial aircrafts crash. At present Part I, finite element (FE) models establishment and validations for both the aircrafts and NPP buildings are performed. (i) Airbus A320 and A380 aircrafts are selected as the representative medium and large commercial aircrafts, and the corresponding fine FE models including the skin, beam, fuel and etc. are established. By comparing the numerically derived impact force time-histories with the existing published literatures, the rationality of aircrafts models is verified. (ii) Fine FE model of the Chinese Zhejiang Sanao NPP buildings is established, including the detailed structures and reinforcing arrangement of both the containment and auxiliary buildings. (iii) By numerically reproducing the existing 1/7.5 scaled aircraft model impact tests on steel plate reinforced concrete (SC) panels and assessing the impact process and velocity time-history of aircraft model, as well as the damage and the maximum deflection of SC panels, the applicability of the existing three concrete constitutive models (i.e., K&C, Winfrith and CSC) are evaluated and the superiority of Winfrith model for SC panels under deformable missile impact is verified. The present work can provide beneficial reference for the integral aircraft crash analyses and structural damage assessment in the following two parts of this paper.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.397-416
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• 2020

Investigations of the commercial aircraft impact effect on nuclear island infrastructures have been drawing extensive attention, and this paper aims to perform the safety assessment of Generation III nuclear power plant (NPP) buildings subjected to typical commercial aircrafts crash. At present Part II, based on the verified finite element (FE) models of aircrafts Airbus A320 and A380, as well as the NPP containment and auxiliary buildings in Part I of this paper, the whole collision process is reproduced numerically by adopting the coupled missile-target interaction approach with the finite element code LS-DYNA. The impact induced damage of NPP plant under four impact locations of containment (cylinder, air intake, conical roof and PCS water tank) and two impact locations of auxiliary buildings (exterior wall and roof of spent fuel pool room) are evaluated. Furthermore, by considering the inner structures in the containment and raft foundation of NPP, the structural vibration analyses are conducted under two impact locations (middle height of cylinder, main control room in the auxiliary buildings). It indicates that, within the discussed scenarios, NPP structures can withstand the impact of both two aircrafts, while the functionality of internal equipment on higher floors will be affected to some extent under impact induced vibrations, and A380 aircraft will cause more serious structural damage and vibrations than A320 aircraft. The present work can provide helpful references to assess the safety of the structures and inner equipment of NPP plant under commercial aircraft impact.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1330-1333
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• 2004

The methodology for modeling building energy consumption is well established for energy saving calculation in the temperate zone both for performance-based energy retrofitting contracts and measurement and verification (M&V) projects. Mostly, statistical regression models based on utility bills and outdoor dry-bulb temperature have been applied to baseline monthly and annual whole building energy use. This paper presents the application of neural networks (NN) to model landlord energy consumption of commercial buildings in Singapore. Firstly, a brief background information on NN and its application on the building energy research is provided. Secondly, five commercial buildings with various characteristics were selected for case studies. Monthly mean outdoor dry-bulb temperature ($T_0$), Relative Humidity (RH) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR) are used as network inputs and the landlord monthly energy consumption of the same period is the output. Up to three years monthly data are taken as training data. A forecast has been made for another year for all the five buildings. The performance of the NN analysis was evaluated using coefficient of variance (CV). The results show that NNs is powerful at predicting annual landlord energy consumption with high accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is aimed at grasping the architectural characteristics of modern buildings in Gangneung from 1910's to 1970's. The results are as follows. 1) The commercial buildings are mostly unsymmetrical flat type and others except commercial buildings are mostly symmetrical flat type. 2)Up until the 1940's, staircases were located inner of building between the first and the second floor, however after the 1950's, they were separately located in one side of the building to ensure perpendicularly more space and easier mobility than before. 3)Windows were widely used in order to avoid monotonous wall elevation after 1950' s. 4)Striped decorations were put to use to decorate the front elevation of building. 5)Parapet which had decorative stripes to the top was generally used to hide roof.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2013

The ASHRAE Technical Committee for Tall Buildings, TC 9.12, has defined a tall building as one whose height is greater than 300 feet (91m). Since the publication of the HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial Buildings in 2004, there were only about 300 buildings taller than 200 meters; this number has risen to 600 in 2010 and the prediction 765 buildings taller than 200 meters in 2012. There has also been an introduction of two new classes of tall buildings: ${\bullet}$ Mega tall, which are buildings taller than 300 m, and ${\bullet}$ Super tall, which are buildings taller than 600 m. The effect of ambient air temperature over the height of buildings, especially Mega tall and Super tall buildings. The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings. This paper presents revised calculations for stack effect for Tall, Mega Tall and Super tall Buildings.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.127-137
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• 2015

This investigation is to question as to whether and how much urban residential superblocks have changed the uses of facilities, as compared with original zoning plan. The difference between the original plan for 'land use' in 1960's and current 'building uses' has been examined on six superblocks in Seoul, and the reasons for change were analyzed. Investigation results are as follows: As the original urban planning was intended for use-purification by the subdivision of zones in a superblock through zoning, current buildings uses are different from the land-use. Commercial facilities are located in residential zone along community paths because of the necessity, and business buildings are placed on the appropriate-sized lots in the middle of residential blocks, due to the need of small and low-rent offices. Also, different types of residence have been built on convenient locations in commercial zone to meet various housing needs. In conclusion, the current zoning system plays a role of controling the volume of buildings rather than the use of land. Therefore, mixed use of land, not functional separation, becomes a natural phenomenon taken place in the contemporary cities, and it is high time to adopt a mixed-use zoning system.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

Commercial buildings account for a significant proportion of the total building energy use in Korea, and cooling energy, in turn, accounts for the largest proportion of total energy consumption in commercial buildings. Under this circumstance, chiller staging is considered to be a reasonable and practical solution for cooling energy saving. In this study, the part-load ratio and the operating characteristics of a vapor compression chiller were analysed within an office building. In addition, energy consumption among different chiller staging schemes was comparatively analysed. As a result, significant proportions of total operating hours, cooling load and energy consumption turned out to be in the part load ratio range from 0% through 50%, and thus energy consumption was significantly affected by the chiller COP at low part-load conditions, indicating that the chiller operation at the part-load is an important factor in commercial buildings. In addition, utilizing a sequential chiller staging scheme can reduce the annual cooling energy usage by more than 10.3% compared to operating a single chiller.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.428-433
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• 2001

Commercial buildings are the mostly common ones to be constructed along with residential buildings. After economic inflation, So-called 'IMF era', construction market has been running low because of stagnancy of business activities and cost escalation, Thus the construction industry needs a study of higher productivity by means of using information infrastructure. To deliver a database of commercial buildings construction record, their major management has carried out analysis for database components, in an attempt to meet users' needs. The scheme study of application presented cost and resource in construction lifecycle.