• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.105-121
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• 2006

This study is related with the judgements of our country's supremcourt against the transaction of Letter of Credit which is beneficiary's fraudulent trade deal. In this case I think to analyse the judgements and to present the basic grounds on which the judgements were established. In Letter of Credit transaction, there are the major parties, such as, beneficiary, issuing bank, or confirming bank and the other parties such as applicant, negotiating bank, advising bank and paying bank. Therefore, in this cases, the beneficiary, the French Weapons' Supplier who did not shipped the commodities, created the false Bill of Lading, let his dealing bank make payment against the documents presented by him and received the proceeds from the negotiating bank or collecting bank, thereafter was bankrupted and escaped. For the first time, even though the issuing bank conceived that the presented documents were inconsistent with the terms of L/C. it did not received the payment approval from the applicant against all the discrepancies, made the negotiating bank pay the proceeds to exporter and thereafter, delivered the documents to the applicant long after the time of the issuing bank's examination of documents. The applicant who received the documents from the issuing bank, instantly did not examine the documents and inform to the issuing bank whether he accepted the documents or not. Long time after, applicant tried to clear the goods through custom when he knew the bill of ladings were false and founded out the documents had the other discrepancies which he did not approved. As the results, the applicant, Korea Army Transportation Command claimed, that the issuing bank must refund his paid amount because issuing bank examined the documents unreasonably according to u.c.p 500 Act 13th, 14th. In spite of the applicant's claim, the issuing bank argued that it paid the proceeds of L/C reasonably after receiving the applicant's approval of an discrepancy of document, the delayed shipment, but for concerning the other discrepancies, the trivial ones, the applicant did not examined the document and noticed the discrepancies in reasonable time. Therefore the applicant sued the issuing bank for refunding it's paid proceeds of L/C. Originally, this cases were risen between Korea Exchange Bank and Korea Army Transportation Command. As result of analysing the case, the contents of the case case have had same procedure actually, but the lower courts, the district and high courts all judged the issuing bank was reasonable and did not make an error. As analysing these supreme court's judgements, the problem is that whether there are the applicant's liability of examining the documents and informing its discrepancies to the issuing bank or not, and if the applicant broke such a liabilities, it lost the right of claiming the repayment from issuing bank. Finally to say, such applicant's liabilities only must be existed in case the documents arrived to the issuing bank was delivered to the applicant within the time of the documents examination according to u.c.p 500 Act 14, d. i. But if any the documents were delivered to applicant after time of the documents examination, the applicant had not such liabilities because eventhough after those time the applicant would have informed to the issuing bank the discrepancies of documents, the issuing bank couldn't receive repayment of its paid proceeds of document from the negotiating bank. In the result after time of issuing bank's examination of documents, it is considered that there's no actual benefit to ask the applicant practice it's liability. Therefore finally to say. I concluded that the Suprem Court's judgement was much more reasonable. In the following, the judgements of the supreme court would be analysed more concretely, the basic reasons of the results be explained and the way of protecting such L/C transaction would be presented.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2016

Deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. In the Republic of Korea, the population of Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the Korean War when much of the land was barren of trees. Eighty seven Haemaphysalis flava, 228 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 Ixodes nipponensis, and 40 Ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 nymphs, and 228 adults) were collected from 27 out of 70 KWD. A total of 89/363 ticks (266 pools, 24.5% minimum infection rate) and 5 (1.4%) fed ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and groEL genes, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 88/89 (98.9%) of positive samples for A. phagocytophilum corresponded to previously described gene sequences from KWD spleen tissues. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 20/363 (5.5%) of the ticks were positive for A. bovis and were identical to previously reported sequences. Using the ITS specific nested PCR, 11/363 (3.0%) of the ticks were positive for Bartonella spp. This is the first report of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. detected in ticks collected from KWD, suggesting that ticks are vectors of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. between reservoir hosts in natural surroundings.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.73-94
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• 2009

The general aspects for the future warfare shows that the concept of firepower and maneuver centric warfare has been replacing with that of information and knowledge centric warfare. Thus, some developed countries are now trying to establish the information systems to perform intelligent warfare and innovate defense operations. The C4I(Command, Control, Communication, Computers and Intelligence for the Warrior) systems make it possible to do modern and systematic war operations. The basic idea of this study is to investigate how TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) can explain the acceptance behavior in military organizations. Because TAM is inadequate in explaining the acceptance processes forcomplex technologies and strict organizations, a revised research model based upon TAM was developed in order to assess the usage of the C4I system. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the usage of C4I in the Korean Army. The research model, based upon TAM, was extended through a belief construct such as self-efficacy as one of mediating variables. The self-efficacy has been used as a mediating variable for technology acceptance, and the variable was included in the research model. The external variables were selected on the basis of previous research. The external variables can be classified into following: 1) technological, 2) organizational, and 3) environmental factors on the basis of TOE(Technology-Organization-Environment) framework. The technological factor includes the information quality and the task-technology fitness. The organizational factor includes the influence of senior colleagues. The environmental factor includes the education/train data. The external variables are considered very important for explaining the behavior patterns of information technology or systems. A structured questionnaire was developed and administrated to those who were using the C4I system. Total 329 data were used for statistical data analyses. A confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation model were used as main statistical methods. Model fitness Indexes for measurement and structured models were verified before all 18 hypotheses were tested. This study shows that the perceived usefulness and the self-efficacy played their roles more than the perceived ease of use did in TAM. In military organizations, the perceived usefulness showed its mediating effects between external variables and dependent variable, but the perceived ease of use did not. These results imply that the perceived usefulness can explain the acceptance processes better than the perceived ease of use in the army. The self-efficacy was also used as one of the three mediating variables, and showed its mediating effects in explaining the acceptance processes. Such results also show that the self-efficacy can be selected as one possible belief construct in TAM. The perceived usefulness was influenced by such factors as senior colleagues, the information quality, and the task-technology fitness. The self-efficacy was affected by education/train and task-technology fitness. The actual usage of C4I was influenced not by the perceived ease of use but by the perceived usefulness and selfefficacy. This study suggests the followings: (1) An extended TAM can be applied to such strict organizations as the army; (2) Three mediation variables are included in the research model and tested at real situations; and (3) Several other implications are discussed.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.23
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• pp.87-107
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of customer aggression on the job stress and emotional burnout of security guards in casino. Investigating tools used questionnaire, the sampling was drawn from security guards at 6 casinos which had more than 30 security guards. To this study, the partisans of the study were 269 people. Data for creation for questionnaire is completely computed processing and using SPSS 15.0 Windows that is social studies scholastic mantle command program after imputed encoding according to each purpose. Analyzing techniques to use for analysis of data enforced technology figure analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis. Through data analysis by such method and procedure, conclusion that gets in this research is as following. First, exposure that is difference that keep in mind partially as result that verify difference of aggression according to demographical features, job stress and emotional burnout that is security guard's in casino. Second, exposure that is difference that keep in mind as statistical as result that verify effect that customer aggression gets in job stress of security guards in casino. Third, exposure that is difference that keep in mind as statistical as result that verify effect that customer aggression gets in emotional burnout of security guards in casino.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.321-325
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to re-concept the future battle of the Army, which combines the effects of advanced technology on the concept of combat and the AICBM technology. The "war concept" changes with the times, and can be seen through the following two examples. First, it is a concept that achieves relative superiority by analyzing enemies. A case in point is the U.S. military's development of a "public joint battle" into a "multi-domain operation." Second, it is 'science and technology' that leads to a change in the concept of combat. A case in point is that the firepower warfare on land and sea in World War I developed from World War II to "air warfare" due to the emergence of aircraft. In this regard, the U.S. military is focusing on the concept of fighting in line with the future operational environment based on high-tech science and technology and the construction of the future military through the creation of the "Future Command." Therefore, our military needs to utilize the major technologies of the fourth industrial revolution as an opportunity to develop the concept of future combat, and the future war will greatly affect the development of the concept of advanced science and technology carrying out war, as AIC technology based on the fourth industrial revolution will promote innovation in defense operations in the form of super-connected, super-intelligence and super-integration. Therefore, this study will present the impact of advanced technology on the concept of combat and the concept of battle of the future Army incorporating the technology of AICBM.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.165-188
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• 2009

The major purposes of the research are to see the underlying disciplines of technology innovation management which contribute to Korean research. To do that, we employed author cocitation analysis which has been proved to be robust. We compiled all the citations of two major Korean journals between 1993 and 2006. We also included up to 3rd author, which makes a cocitation analysis more comprehensive, compared with the previous analysis for the first author only. We identified 239 authors who have more than 10 citations. From the cocitation combinations based on the 239 authors, we selected and analyzed 100 most cocited authors. Out of 100 authors a group of 23 authors who command both higher citations and cocitations were chosen for detailed analysis. The results show that the average number of publications is 22.2, the average number of citations to them is 58.5, and the average number of citations to a publication is 2.6. Also, the average number of cocitations is around 10 times that of citations. The results indicate that there are six major disciplines: Technology/Innovation, Management of Technology, Economics of Technology, Development, Valuation of Technology, and Growth. Noteworthy points are the following. 1) Most of the members of the technology management group are management scholars, and the groups of economics of technology and growth are economists, while the groups of technology innovation and development group are not represented by specific disciplines. 2) Considering the groups overall from the traditional academic disciplines, the main branches are management and economics. 3) The valuation of technology group consists mostly of Korean researchers.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.43
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• pp.259-304
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• 2011

It has been difficult to logically and consistently explain about the history of Korean national flag, Taegeukgi, for the past time because the exact shape of Young Hyo Park's Taegeukgi was not known. Any meaningful study of Taegeukgi was no longer possible since the most important core key was lost in the study of Taegeukgi. In this study, I inferred the original copy of Taegeukgi used by Young Hyo Park referring to the aspect of principle of Taegeukgi based on the existing historical data such as the copy of Young Hyo Park's Taegeukgi found in the UK National Archives in 2008, the recordings shown in Shi-wha-ji-lue, the painting of Taegeukgi inserted in Sisashinbo then in Japan, the Taegeukgi painted by Gil Joon Yoo, Denny Taegeukgi, etc. As a result, I have found that Taegeukgi has been handed down in a consistent shape even if China and Japan had tried to disturb and distorted it. That is, the Taegeukgi used by Young Hyo Park was painted following the command of the King Gojong and its shape was already defined before he went to Japan. I have found that such defined shape was the 'COREA Ensign', which was used for the Treaty between Chosun and the United States. I have also found that the 'COREA Ensign' from which Young Hyo Park's Taegeukgi was originated was designed by Gyoung Seok Oh and Gyoung Soo Kim referring to the situations that time. In addition, I have found that Shi-wha-ji-lue giving the base for the existing theory of Taegeukgi designed by Young Hyo Park was partially distorted by Japan.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.99-113
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• 2021

In these days, as cyberspace has been recognized as the fifth battlefield area following the land, sea, air, and space, attention has been focused on activities that view cyberspace as an operational and mission domain in earnest. Also, in the 21st century, cyber operations based on cyberspace are being developed as a 4th generation warfare method. In such an environment, the success of the operation is determined by the commander's decision. Therefore, in order to increase the rationality and objectivity of such decision-making, it is necessary to systematically establish and select a course of action (COA). In this study, COA is established by using the method of classifying operational elements necessary for cyber operation, and it is intended to suggest a direction for quantitative evaluation of COA. To this end, we propose a method of composing the COES (Cyber Operational Elements Set), which becomes the COA of operation, and classifying the cyber operational elements identified in the target development process based on the 5W1H Method. In addition, by applying the proposed classification method to the cyber operation elements used in the STUXNET attack case, the COES is formed to establish the attack COAs. Finally, after prioritizing the established COA, quantitative evaluation of the policy was performed to select the optimal COA.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.413-425
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• 2022

Objective: We compared appendiceal visualization on 2-mSv CT vs. conventional-dose CT (median 7 mSv) in adolescents and young adults and analyzed the undesirable clinical and diagnostic outcomes that followed appendiceal nonvisualization. Materials and Methods: A total of 3074 patients aged 15-44 years (mean ± standard deviation, 28 ± 9 years; 1672 female) from 20 hospitals were randomized to the 2-mSv CT or conventional-dose CT group (1535 vs. 1539) from December 2013 through August 2016. A total of 161 radiologists from 20 institutions prospectively rated appendiceal visualization (grade 0, not identified; grade 1, unsure or partly visualized; and grade 2, clearly and entirely visualized) and the presence of appendicitis in these patients. The final diagnosis was based on CT imaging and surgical, pathologic, and clinical findings. We analyzed undesirable clinical or diagnostic outcomes, such as negative appendectomy, perforated appendicitis, more extensive than simple appendectomy, delay in patient management, or incorrect CT diagnosis, which followed appendiceal nonvisualization (defined as grade 0 or 1) and compared the outcomes between the two groups. Results: In the 2-mSv CT and conventional-dose CT groups, appendiceal visualization was rated as grade 0 in 41 (2.7%) and 18 (1.2%) patients, respectively; grade 1 in 181 (11.8%) and 81 (5.3%) patients, respectively; and grade 2 in 1304 (85.0%) and 1421 (92.3%) patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Overall, undesirable outcomes were rare in both groups. Compared to the conventional-dose CT group, the 2-mSv CT group had slightly higher rates of perforated appendicitis (1.1% [17] vs. 0.5% [7], p = 0.06) and false-negative diagnoses (0.4% [6] vs. 0.0% [0], p = 0.01) following appendiceal nonvisualization. Otherwise, these two groups were comparable. Conclusion: The use of 2-mSv CT instead of conventional-dose CT impairs appendiceal visualization in more patients. However, appendiceal nonvisualization on 2-mSv CT rarely leads to undesirable clinical or diagnostic outcomes.