• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2006

Objective : This experiment was conducted to evaluate inhibitory effects against hepatic metastasis by cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture. Methods : Colon26-L5 carcinoma cells were injected through hepatic portal vein to induce hepatic metastatic cancer. After treated cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture and investigated various kinds of cytokine level using cytokine chip. Results : 1. Mice treated with cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture reduced the level of $IL-l{\alpha}$, $IL-{\beta}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ compared to the control group. 2. Mice treated with cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture was not showed significant change in the level of IL-4, IL-l0, IL-12 and $INF-{\gamma}$ compared to the control group. 3. Observing the level of various kinds of cytokine, cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture was suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine. These findings indicate cultivated wild ginseng Herbal Acupuncture is possible to use the inflammatory disease and futher studies carry out for the explanation of anticancer mechanism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

The study was designed to compare the anti-carcinogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on colon carcinogenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats by determining the levels of apoptosis, cell proliferation, eicosanoids and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in colonic mucosa. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups depending on the types of CLA isomers, i.e. BT group (no CLA contained), CLA-C group (cis-9, trans11 isomer contained), and CLA- T group (trans-10, cis-12 isomer contained). The experimental diet was composed of protein at 20%, carbohydrate at 56.2%, and fat at 14.5% including 0.8% CLA isomers by weight. The experimental diet was fed for 14 weeks with the initiation of intramuscular injection of DMH, which was injected twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of l80mg per kg body weight. Two CLA isomers (c9t11 and t10c12) significantly increased the relative percentage of apoptosis but reduced cell proliferation in mucosal cell and also the levels of PGE$_2$, TXB$_2$, and DAG in colonic mucosa. However, there was no significant differences in anti-carcinogenic effect between c9t11 isomer and t10c12 isomer. Overall, colon carcinogenesis could be significantly inhibited by CLA isomers by increasing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, the levels of eicosanoids and DAG in colonic mucosa.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.167-171
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• 2000

We have investigated the in vitro cytotoxic effect of liposome-encapsulated N-(phospho-nacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA) against C-26 murine colon cancer cells, and have compared it in this regard to free PALA. Three different PALA-containing liposomal formulations using distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), and polyethyle-neglycol-derivatized distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) were made and their cytotoxicity was measured. In 72 hr continuous exposure experiment with C-26 cells, the 50% growth inhibitory concentration ($IC_50$) of DSPG-PALA liposome formulation was $0.09\mu\$, which showed about 65-fold more potent than unencapsulated free PALA ($5.1\mu\$). Similar degree of increase in cytotoxicity was also observed in 1 hr exposure experiment. However the $IC_50$ of PEG-DSPE-PALA liposome and DSPC-PALA liposome were $10.7\mu\$and $11.8\mu\$respectively, which showed slightly less potent than unencapsulated free PALA. Physical characteristics of PALA-liposomes, such as the size and drug:lipid ratio were also determined. In conclusion, negatively-charged DSPG-PALA liposome showed the highest cytotoxic effect among tested on the C-26 cells in vitro.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.277-287
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• 2002

The chemopreventive effects of ginseng on rat carcinogenesis models were investigated, In the present study, the inhibitory effects of white and red ginseng on tumor development were examined using medium-term liver, initiation and medium-term multi-organ carcinogenicity bioassay systems. No modifying potential of the ginsengs was evident in terms of the numbers or areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST -P)-positive foci, which is a marker of preneoplastic lesion in rat livers. However, white ginseng, but not red ginseng was found to decrease the incidences of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine and colon in the medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis model. These results indicate that white ginseng may have inhibitory effects on progression stage of rat intestinal carcinogenesis, but the influence is not strong. Ginseng is unlikely to have promoting or inhibitory effects in other organs under the present type of experimental conditions. Possible application on ginseng for chemoprevention of colon cancer in humans, can be concluded given the lack of obvious adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2007

In the present study, twenty eight marine algae species were evaluated for their antiproliferative effect on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Among these, the methanolic extract of Symphyocladia latiuscula (SL Ex) showed the highest inhibitory activity on HT-29 cell growth. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which SL Ex inhibited the HT-29 cell growth. Cells were cultured with various concentrations of $(0{\sim}20{\mu}g/mL)$ SL Ex. The SL Ex substantially decreased the viable cell numbers and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner Western blot analyses of total cell lysates revealed that SL Ex increased the levels of cleaved caspase-8, -9, -7, and -3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in HT-29 cells. In addition, SL Ex increased truncated Bid levels but moderately decreased Bax levels at only $20{\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, SL Ex did not affect Bcl-2 protein levels but increased the levels of Fas in HT-29 cells. The present results indicate that SL Ex inhibits cell growth via inducing apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. The mechanism of apoptosis induction by SL Ex involves caspase-8 activation leading to changes in mitochondrial events and subsequent activation of the caspase-7/caspase-3 cascade. Our finding may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of colon cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2008

In Asia Saussurea lappa (SL) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat abdominal pain and tenesmus. Recently, in vitro cell culture studies have shown that SL has anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. To explore its potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects in colon cancer, we examined whether the hexane extract of SL (HESL) could inhibit the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells, and investigated the mechanisms for this effect. The cells were cultured with various concentrations (0-5 ${\mu}g/mL$) of HESL. The results indicated that HESL markedly decreased the numbers of viable HT-29 cells; whereas at the concentration of 5 ${\mu}g/mL$, HESL slightly decreased the viable cell numbers of CCD 1108Sk human skin normal fibroblasts at 72 hr. HESL substantially increased the numbers of cells in the sub G1 phase, and dose-dependently increased apoptotic cell numbers. Western blot analysis of the total cell lysates revealed that HESL increased Bax protein levels, but did not affect Bcl-2 levels. HESL induced the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspases 8, 9, 7, and 3. This study demonstrated that HESL inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells, which may be mediated by its ability to increase Bax levels and activate the caspase pathway. These findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for colon cancer treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9773-9779
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• 2014

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the prime causes of mortality around the globe, with a significantly rising incidence in the Middle East region in recent decades. Since detection of CRC in the early stages is an important issue, and also since to date there are no comprehensive epidemiologic studies depicting the Middle East region with special attention to the average risk group, further investigation is of significant necessity in this regard. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the colon in an average risk population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,208 eligible asymptomatic, average- risk adults older than 40 years of age, referred to Firuzgar Hospotal in the years 2008-2012, were enrolled. They underwent colonoscopy screening and all polypoid lesions were removed and examined by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist. The lesions were classified by size, location, numbers and pathologic findings. Size of lesions was measured objectively by endoscopists. Results: The mean age of participants was $56.5{\pm}9.59$ and 51.6% were male. The overall polyp detection rate was 199/1208 (16.5 %), 26 subjects having non-neoplastic polyps, including hyperplastic lesions, and 173/1208 (14.3%) having neoplastic polyps, of which 26 (2.15%) were advanced neoplasms. The prevalence of colorectal neoplasia was more common among the 50-59 age group. Advanced adenoma was more frequent among the 60-69 age group. The majority of adenomas were detected in the distal colon, but a quarter of advanced adenomas were found in the proximal colon; advance age and male gender was associated with the presence of adenoma. Conclusions: It seems that CRC screening among average-risk population might be recommended in countries such as Iran. However, sigmioidoscopy alone would miss many colorectal adenomas. Furthermore, the 50-59 age group could be considered as an appropriate target population for this purpose in Iran.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.214-217
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• 2015

Surgeons occasionally encounter a patient with a gastric cancer invading an adjacent organ, such as the pancreas, liver, or transverse colon. Although there is no established guideline for treatment of invasive gastric cancer, combined resection with radical gastrectomy is conventionally performed for curative purposes. We recently treated a patient with a large gastric cancer invading the abdominal wall, which was initially diagnosed as a simple abdominal wall abscess. Computed tomography showed that an abscess had formed adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach. During surgery, we made an incision on the abdominal wall to drain the abscess, and performed curative total gastrectomy with partial excision of the involved abdominal wall. The patient received intensive treatment and wound management postoperatively with no surgery-related adverse events. However, the patient could not receive adjuvant chemotherapy and expired on the 82nd postoperative day.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.623-628
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• 2012

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs; TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4) are endogenous inhibitor for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) and involved in migration, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Unlike under normal conditions, the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs is associated with various diseased states. Among TIMPs, TIMP-1, a 184-residue protein, is the only N-linked glycoprotein with glycosylation sites at N30 and N78. The structural analysis of the catalytic domain of human stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and human TIMP-1 suggests new possibilities of the role of TIMP-1 glycan moieties as a tuner for the proteolytic activities by MMPs. Because the TIMP-1 glycosylation participate in the interaction, aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 presumably affects the interaction, thereby leading to pathogenic dysfunction in cancer cells. TIMP-1 has not only the cell proliferation activities but also anti-oncogenic properties. Cancer cells appear to utilize these bilateral aspects of TIMP-1 for cancer progression; an elevated TIMP-1 level exerts to cancer development via MMP-independent pathway during the early phase of tumor formation, whereas it is the aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 that overcome the high anti-proteolytic burden. The aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 can thus be used as staging and/or prognostic biomarker in colon cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6423-6428
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• 2015

The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro anti-proliferative potential of extracts from four Indian medicinal plants, namely Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna. Their cytotoxicity was tested in nine human cancer cell lines, including cancers of lung (A549), prostate (PC-3), breast (T47D and MCF-7), colon (HCT-16 and Colo-205) and leukemia (THP-1, HL-60 and K562) by using SRB and MTT assays. The findings showed that the selected plant extracts inhibited the cell proliferation of nine human cancer cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. The extracts inhibited cell viability of leukemia HL-60 and K562 cells by blocking G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, A. catechu extract at $100{\mu}g/mL$ induced G2/M arrest in K562 cells. DNA fragmentation analysis displayed the appearance of a smear pattern of cell necrosis upon agarose gel electrophoresis after incubation of HL-60 cells with these extracts for 24h.