• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

This paper is a qualitative and quantitative study. The main purpose of the paper is to diagnose what makes English communication difficult at the Korean EFL adult level. In order to obtain data, this study employed interviews and a questionnaire. We identified thirty three factors blocking pathways to oral communication. Qualitative analysis repeatedly revealed patterns such as lack of grammar, lack of vocabulary, lack of background knowledge, and peer pressure, but quantitative analysis yielded somewhat different results: lack of colloquial expressions, lack of vocabulary, lack of various topics, problems in the educational system, difficulty in using existing knowledge, and lack of grammar. Findings which were common to both qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that lack of linguistic knowledge and lack of background knowledge are major barriers learners encounter in communication. On the basis of the results, suggestions are made for overcoming these barriers.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-85
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to compare Korean EFL learners' speech corpus (i.e. oral productions) with their composition corpus (i.e. written productions). Four college students participated in the study. The composition corpus was collected through a writing assignment, and the speech corpus was gathered by audio-taping their oral presentations. The results of the data analysis indicate that (i) As for error frequency, young adult low-intermediate Korean EFL learners showed high frequency in determiners (mostly, indefinite articles), vocabulary (mostly, semantic errors), and prepositions. The frequency order did not show much difference between the speech corpus and the composition corpus; and (ii) When comparing the oral productions with the written productions, there were not many differences between them in terms of the contents, a style (i.e., colloquial vs. literary), vocabulary selection, and error types and frequency. Therefore, it is assumed that the proficiency in oral presentation of EFL learners at this learning stage heavily depends on how much/how well they are able to write. In other words, EFL learners' writing and speaking skills are closely co-related. It implies that the teacher does not need to separate teaching how to speak from teaching how to write. The teacher may use the same methods or strategies to help the learners improve their English speaking and writing skills. Furthermore, it will be more effective to teach writing before speaking since they have more opportunities to write than speak in the EFL contexts.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.85-111
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• 2012

Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi(忠烈小五義), whose author was Shiyukun(石玉昆), is a Xia-Yi-Gong-An(俠義公案) novel in the late Qing Dynasty. This work published in 1890 when Emperor Guangxu(光緖) governed China. This work's author is Shiyukun, distribution books has an amender. The amender will be a shuoshuyiren (說書藝人). Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan(忠烈俠義傳)'s a sequel, the story leads from Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan. It is just the beginning of Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is redundant. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi was introduced to the late Chosun(朝鮮) Dynasty. This work was translated in Hangeul, Chosun's readers read Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi. This work's circulation is not clear, But this work's exciting story is interested in the readers. This work is characterized as follows: First of all, Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan's charaters appear equally, the readers feels familiar. The readers like the familiar characters, because the readers read the book. The familiar characters can have a sense of speed in reading. Second, the story is continuous. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is narrated by connecting Zhong-lie-xia-yi-zhuan's story. Third, Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi was seeking an open ending. Classical novels prefer happy ending, this work is open ending, the expectations for the sequel became more doubled. The fourth, this work took advantage of the colloquial expressions. Zhong-lie-xiao-wu-yi is Huabenti(話本體) novel, took advantage of the spoken language. Suyu(俗語) and xiehouyu(歇後語) was represented in this work. Fifth, this work is formed a universal consensus. Ordinary people must empathize about xia-yi(俠義) and retribution, this work was well represented. Because the readers would have liked to this story.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.11-25
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• 1997

This presentation will focus on building basic English Prosodic Skills which are very useful and helpful for Japanese learners of English. The focus first will be on recognizing the seven basic nuclear tones, analysing intonation structures, distinguishing intonation patterns and then on the way of improving speaking ability using sufficient verbal contents of intonation (mini-dialogue). My presentation deals mainly with some difficulties which Japanese learners of English have in the field of RP intonation, It is chiefly concerned with identifying, describing and analysing tone-group sequences. It sometimes happens that Japanese learners of English can pronounce isolated bounds correctly and read phonetic symbols sufficiently, bet have difficult problems in carrying out accurate prosodic features. The use of wrong intonation is sometimes the cause of misunderstanding of speaker's attitude, connotation and shades of meaning, etc.. However accurately students can pronounce the nuclear tone or tone-group of English, they have to learn how to connect tone-groups properly for suitable sequences in respect to meaning or implication. We are faced with the complicated theory of RF intonation on the one hand and difficult realization of it on the other. Japanese learners of English have special difficulties in employing "rising tune" and "falling + rising tune". If students are taught pitch movements by indicating dots graphically between two horizontal lines, they can easily understand the whole shape of pitch movements. In this presentation, I illuminate several tone-group sequences which are very useful for Japanese learning English intonation. Among them, four similar Pitch Patterns, such as, (1) (equation omitted)- type, (2) (equation omitted) - type, (3) (equation omitted) - type and (4) (Rising Head) (equation omitted)- type are clarified and other important tone-group sequences aye also highlighted from the point of view of teaching English as a foreign language. The intonation theory, tone marks and technical terms are, in all essentials, those of Intonation of Colloquial English by O'Connor, J. D. and Arnold, G. F., Longman, 2nd ed., 1982. The changes of tone are shown graphically between two horizontal lines representing the ordinary high and low zones of the utterance. A.C.Gimson (1981:314) : The intonation of English has been studied in greater detail and for longer than that of any other language. No definitive analysis, classifying the features of RP intonation, has yet appeared (though that presented by O'Connor and Arnold (1973) provides the most comprehensive and useful account from the foreign learner's point of view).

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.33
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• pp.413-435
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• 2008

This study is purposed to analyze the appearances and functions of ellipsis of case markers through the Hangul letters of Hyun-Poong Kwak's family in the early 17th century. Hangul letters appear more colloquial than typography, and ellipsis is the one of main features of it. Generally, 'ellipsis' occurs when a constituent of a sentence deliberately leaves out of a sentence, because it is repeated or can be deduced by the context or occasion. As Hangul letter is written for a specific person, 'ellipsis' occurs more often than typography written for unspecified individuals. The ellipsis of case markers are not an exception. The ellipsis has functions as follow. The first, function is 'brevity.' Communication can be more convenient by ellipsis. Next will be 'informality.' Informality caused by ellipsis can make people express their thoughts and feelings fluently and naturally. It is the reason that spoken language has more frequently occurred ellipses than written language. The third function is 'quickness.' The same information can be delivered more quickly by the sentence using ellipsis than not using. In the 21st Century, ellipsis is misused in netizen communication owing to the quickness. The last function should be 'the effect of a literary style.' The effects can embody through ellipsis such as 'rhythm effect', 'letter style effect', 'translation style effect.' As a result of analyzing ellipsis of case markers, frequency follows the order below.[subjective objective > Locative > Dative > Commutative > Instrumental]

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

Recent deep learning-based natural language processing studies are conducting research to improve performance by training large amounts of data from various sources together. However, there is a possibility that the methodology of learning by combining data from various sources into one may prevent performance improvement. In the case of machine translation, data deviation occurs due to differences in translation(liberal, literal), style(colloquial, written, formal, etc.), domains, etc. Combining these corpora into one for learning can adversely affect performance. In this paper, we propose a new Corpus Weight Balance(CWB) method that considers the balance between parallel corpora in machine translation. As a result of the experiment, the model trained with balanced corpus showed better performance than the existing model. In addition, we propose an additional corpus construction process that enables coexistence with the human translation market, which can build high-quality parallel corpus even with a monolingual corpus.