• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.548-557
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• 2009

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the stretching and recreation exercise including health education on physical flexibility and health behavior compliance of women in elderly. Subjects included 28 women elderly who were residents of H Dong, Dondae moon-Gu, Seoul. The treatment intervention was applied during total 8 weeks as 5 times/week for stretching exercise with 2 times/weeks for health education. Data collection were from February to April, 2004. SPSS Window program was used by aims of this study for data analysis. The results were as following: 1. 75 old age above (39.3%) was the most of age in subjects. None education (42.9%) was the most of subjects in this study. Perceived health state was the most as 71.4% in moderate and good health state. 2. Physical flexibility of both shoulder(right z=-4.301, p=,000)(left z=-4.306), both arm(right z=-3.623, p=.0001)(left z=4.111, p=.0001), heel on both ankle(right z=-3.472, p=.0001) (left z=956, p=.0001), both before food(right z=-4.205, p=.0001)left(z=4.191, p=.0001) and both knee(right z=-4.118, p=.0001)(left z=4.082, p=.0001) was increased after 8 weeks more than before stretching and recreation exercise including health education were done. 3. Health behavior compliance(z=-4.073, p=.0001) was significantly on the effect. Therefore, it is confirmed that stretching exercise included health education is an effective nursing intervention for physical, mental, and psychological health management in elderly. Accordingly, authors are proposing that variously effective health management exercise programs must be developed for elderly, at the same time, the application and following up on the programs will be more important in the future.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.41-58
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• 2005

This study was started under the judgement that reviewing $\ulcorner$A Survey Report of Korean Architecture$\lrcorner$, which contains photographs and drawings by Sekino Tadashi and which was also made under the order of the Japanese government(1902), would make it possible to consider in detail the status of Korean buildings in the period of the Korean Empire. The focus of the study. was put on three main parts of the temple, especially the central parts. The photographs and drawings as mentioned above showed that changes in the layout of buildings in the central part of the temple were made between the period of the Korean Empire and that of Japanese occupation. Thus the purpose of the study is to investigate when changes in building layout in the central part of the temple were made and what made such changes to be caused, obtaining information necessary for future changes in the precincts of the temple. Results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, 'Seonchal Daebonsan Beomeosa feonkeongdo' and 'Gyeongsangnamdo Dongraegun Beomeosa Geonmul Jeondo' were made in a same period. While, 'Chosun Gojeok Dobo', published by the government-general of Chosun, was a collection of photographs taken by Sekino Tadashi for about 30 years from 1902 to 1933 under the order of the Japanese government. But there were few changes in the building layout of the temple shown in the three materials. Second, one of the photographs and drawings made since 1933, not contained in 'Chosun Gojeok Dobo', and discovered by this researcher was 'Seonchal Daebonsan Beomeosa Annae' which was published by the temple itself after national independence from the period of Japanese occupation, indicating the main reason of changes in building layout as mentioned above. In conclusion, the layout of buildings of the temple began to be changed on a large scale, with so-called 'Cheyongseol' ignored, when Buddhist monk Cha Woon Ho established a 7-storied sarira tower to the left of the main building in the center of the upper part in 1936. In addition, the axis line connecting between Hwaeomjong and Seonjong was also changed at that time.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.187-198
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• 2020

The purpose of the study is to investigate infection management status of long term care hospitals and infection prevention knowledge of caregivers. This is descriptive study to investigate the factors affecting caregivers' infection control performance in long term care hospitals. The data collection period was from August, 2018, and a total of 197 caregivers from 8 long term care hospitals. The data analysis were done Win SPSS 20.0 with t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Infection prevention knowledge was positively correlated with infection control performance (p=<.001). The factors influencing performance in a long term care hospital caregivers were over seventy years old (t=2.50, p=.013), eight-hour working time (t=-2.62, p=.010), nursing staffing First grades (t=2.48, p=.014), and infection prevention knowledge (t=2.96 p=.003), which explained 12.9% (F=6.70 p<.001). In summary, we recommend to develop infection education interventions to improve caregivers' infection control performance in long term care hospitals and to improve of the function in long term care hospitals.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.94-101
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• 2013

The market for NAND flash-based storage devices has grown significantly as they rapidly replace traditional disk-based storage devices. Heterogeneous NAND flash-based storage devices using both multi-level cell (MLC) and single-level cell (SLC) NAND flash memories are also actively researched since both types of memories complement each other. Heterogeneous NAND flash-based storage devices suffer from the overheads incurred by migration from SLC to MLC and garbage collection of SLC. This paper proposes a new flash translation layer (FTL) for heterogeneous NAND flash-based storage devices to reduce the overheads by utilizing SLC efficiently. The proposed FTL analyzes the access patterns of logical blocks and selects and stores only logical blocks expected to bring performance improvement in SLC. The experimental results show that the total execution time of heterogeneous NAND flash-based storage devices with our proposed FTL scheme is 35% shorter than that with the previously proposed best FTL scheme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-151
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• 2014

This study aims to share a methodology for locality reproduction by concretely explaining the theoretical model, procedure, and practice of constructing the Port of Busan Image Digital Archive, based on the photographic and postcard images of the Port of Busan, the representative place of Busan. Among the open-source record management programs, Omeka was chosen in implementing the digital archive because of its suitability for image exhibition. After establishing the principles for archive implementation in accordance with the purpose of the archive, a basic investigation was conducted for the record collection. With the consent of the individuals and institutions that possess the related records on the Port of Busan, such as the National Archives of Korea, the Busan Museum, and the City of Busan, original image artifacts were thus collected. The collected artifacts were then described using the Dublin Core metadata and categorized by time period. The Port of Busan was classified through four distinctive spatial characteristics (transportation, historic, industrial, and living spaces). A total of 11 themes for the exhibition was then suggested. The Busan-Shimonoseki Ferry Boat was chosen as an example exhibition of transportation space.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1851-1861
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• 2014

This study aims to calculate reliable sectional travel speeds with the consideration of the characteristics of the probe data collected in the interrupted traffic flow. First, in order to analysis the characteristics of the probe data, we looked into the distribution of the sectional travel times of each probe vehicle and compared the difference in the sectional travel speeds of each probe vehicle collected by DSRC. As a result, it is shown that outliers should be removed for the distribution of the sectional travel times. However, The comparison results show that the sectional travel speeds from the DSRC probe vehicles are not significantly different. Finally, based on the distribution characteristics of the sectional travel speeds of each probe vehicle and the representative values counted during a collection period, we drew the optimal outlier removal procedure and evaluated the estimation errors. The evaluation results showed that the DSRC sectional travel speeds were found to be similar to the observed values from actually running vehicles. On the contrary, in the case of the sectional travel speeds of intra-city bus, it was analyzed that they were less accurate than the DSRC sectional travel speeds. In the future, it will be necessary to improve BIS process and make use of the travel information on intra-city buses collected in real time to find various ways of applying it as traffic information.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2015

Objectives: Blood mercury levels among adults living in certain areas of the Gyeongsang Provinces have been shown to be very high (Kunwee County $29.6{\mu}g/L$, Yeongcheon-city $26.7{\mu}g/L$). The purpose of this project was to determine mercury exposure levels in schoolchildren and factors related with their mercury levels in high mercury exposure areas identifyed by the 2007 Korea National Environmental Health Survey. Methods: From June to September 2010, 1,097 students from grades 3 to 6 at 19 elementary schools participated in this study, including 294 students from 10 elementary schools in Kunwee County, 529 students from Yeongcheon City, 122 students from two elementary schools in Pohang City, North Gyeongsang Province, and 152 students from two elementary schools in Ulsan Metropolitan City. Biological samples from schoolchildren, including whole blood, urine and hair, were collected to measure total mercury at the time of a health check up. Information about children was collected by questionnaire. Total mercury concentrations in blood were measured using the Direct Mercury Analyzer 80 with the gold-amalgam collection method. Results: The mean mercury levels were $2.70{\mu}g/L$ in 1,091 blood samples, $2.25{\mu}g/g-creat.$ in 820 urine samples and $1.03{\mu}g/g$ in 1,064 hair samples. Blood mercury levels in the schoolchildren was slightly higher than the result of $2.4{\mu}g/L$ from a 2006 survey of elementary school children on exposure and health effects of mercury by the National Institute of Environmental Research. However, 0.3% and 4.5% of participants exceeded the reference level of blood mercury by CHBMII ($15{\mu}g/L$) and the US EPA ($5.8{\mu}g/L$), respectively. The reference level of urine by CHBMII ($20{\mu}g/L$) was exceeded by 0.4% of participants. As factors, residence period in the study areas, residence type, father's education level and income all showed significant associations with mercury level in the biological samples. The number of dental amalgam sides showed an association with urine mercury. Fish intake preference and fish intake frequency were important factors in mercury levels. In particular, intake of shark meat and recent intake of shark meat were associated with higher mercury levels. In this regard, participation in the performance of an ancestral rite showed a relation with higher mercury levels. Conclusion: The intake of shark meat was very important factor to high mercury exposure level. It is recommended to monitor and manage students with high mercury exposures who exceeded CHBM II and EPA guidelines, and include blood mercury testing in the Children's Health check up for this province.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.377-398
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• 1993

A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out - patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on supplementary feeding and 21 on demographic infer mation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed-ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%) of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months. only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%) : 34.9% had used no specia] means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2% ) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3％). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding : most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water from the beginning : 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x²=5.72, p=〈0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%) : 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers : 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers(26.4%) made their own supplementary food : 19.2% used ready - made supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions included : 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre & postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further research is indicated about the Perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to Promote breast feeding.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

The impact of childhood experience has lifelong significance on subsequent health and development. Especially, the experience of infant is mostly affected by the quality of parental care and rearing environment. But the new mothers usually do not know what to do because of the lack of experience in these days. Therefore, an educational program regarding maternal role would be necessary. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the maternal role education program for mother-infant interaction, child-rearing environment, and infant development. Non-equivalent control group time-series design was used, and Barnard's mother-infant interaction model was used as a conceptual framework of this study. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37 weeks, and their mothers. The final sample consisted of 19 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 18 dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th to September 3rd in 1999. For the intervention group, programmed education which focused on mother-infant interaction, breast feeding, and infant care was provided before discharge. Telephone counselling was provided within one week after discharge. Home visiting for maternal role education was provided twice, one month and three months postpartum. For the control group, home visiting was also conducted but only for data collection. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effectiveness of intervention program was determined with repeated measure ANCOVA and t-test. The results were as follows: 1. Significant differences were found in mother-infant interaction between two groups(p=.000). It indicates that intervention program was effective in improving mother- infant interaction. In subscale analysis, four out of six subscale showed significant differences between the groups: sensitivity to cues (p=.000), social-emotional growth fostering (p=.000), cognitive growth fostering(p=.000) in mothers, and responsiveness to caregiver (p=.019) in infants. 2. The difference in the mean score of childrearing environment (HOME) between the intervention group and control group was significant(p=.003). When each subscale of HOME was examined individually, intervention group showed significantly higher scores in the diversity of stimulation(p=.000), and mother's involvement(p=.001). 3. Three-month-Infants of the intervention group showed higher GQ in the Griffiths mental development scale(p=.026). In subscale analysis, significant differences were found in the personal-social(p=.005), and the hearing and speech(p=.003). In conclusion, the maternal role education program proved to be effective in promoting the mother-infant interaction, organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. These results are very meaningful that we found maternal role education necessary for normal infants' mothers, and that nurses can make a great contribution in promoting health of infants and mothers.