• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1989

This survey was performed to investigate contamination degree and significance in each item of 406 samples of ground water, which was collected in Seoul area from Jan. to Dec. 1988. The results of this study were as follows 1. The unsuitable rate of ground water investigated was 69.7%(32.4% in only bacteria, 23.6% in both bacteria and physico-chemistry and 13.6% in only physico-chemical contamination). 2. The unsuitable rate in each item was the highest(54.2%) in standard plate countland 29.8% in coliform, 12.8% in turbidity, 11.3% in Zn, and 10.8% in Mn. 3. The total mean concentrations in each item were lower than standard except standard plate count, coliform, and Fe. 4. In the analysis of corelation, among items, both total hardness and residual solids were showed very high correlationship (P < 0.01) with other items, and both S.P.C. and coliform showed very highly significant (P < 0.01) with NH$_3$-N.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.327-330
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to test multiplex polymerase chain reaction in investigating the microbiological quality of the risky surfaces in social living places of a military base where over 15 thousand people live together. In 22 samples of 99, there were no bacteria. Only four of the samples contained Shigella, and one of them contained Salmonella, but 77 of the samples contained thermotolerant coliform organisms. There was no statistically significant difference among the microbiological quality of different sites and different equipment surfaces (p>0.05).

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.10 no.S_3
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• pp.97-106
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• 2001

To improve the water quality, particularly for sea bathers, the behaviour of wastewater from sewage outfalls in water adjacent to Swansea, UK, was studied using a mathematical model. The water quality in the sewage receiving basin was determined using factors like the outfall diffuser location(distance from land boundary), sewage treatment scheme, discharge time, and bacteria decay rate, etc. With respect to these factors, an optimal strategy for sewage discharge was then investigated to minimize bacteria levels along the bathing beaches. As water quality criteria, predicted faecal coliform levels were monitored along the coast adjacent to the outfall locations. The resultant values were compared with EC Mandatory(<2000, 95 % of 20 samples) and Guideline Standards(< 100, 80 % of 20 samples). For the advective-diffusion equation, the non linear advective terms were represented using the ULTIMATE algorithm and the third-order accurate QUICKEST scheme to avoid numerical diffusion. Details of the simulation results are then presented as an optimal policy for sewage discharge in the region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.125-125
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• 1997

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.27-39
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• 1988

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the removal effect of biological contaminants for the municipal sewage treatment process at Cheonggye Cheon terminal plant which in the first plant for municipal sewage treatment in Seoul area. It was conducted in raw influent, primary treatment water and secondary treatment water from September, 1986 to July, 1987. The results were as follow; 1, The primary treatment could eliminate microbials for $65.38\%$ of total bacteria, $64.35\%$ of total coliform, $62.16\%$ of fecal coliform $69.48\%$ of pseudomonas and $64.70\%$ of fecal streptococci in averages for a year respectively. 2. The secondary treatment could eliminate microbials for $97.50\%$ of total bacteria, $97.30\%$of total coliform, $95.95\%$ of fecal coliform, $97.00\%$ of pseudomonas and $96.53\%$ of fecal streptococci in average for a year respectively. 3. In the detect rate of pathogenic agent, salmonella spp was decreased $12.5\%$ to $4.2\%$ in primary treatment and it was not detected in secondary treatment, shigella spp was detected $4.2\%$ in influent water but it was not detected in primary and secondary treatment. 4. In the seasonal variation of treatment effect, the removal of summer was the highest, and the removal of all item in winter was lower than the other seasons. 5. There was significant correlation between water temperature and microbal all items (P<0.05) $NH_3-N$ and Microbal items (P< 0.01) at raw water.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1979

To evaluate the sanitary conditions of four species of commercial shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Tapes japonica, Mytilus coruscus and Anadara granosa), the psychrotrophic coliforms and the bacterial flora were monthly examined from January to December, 1978. Viable cell counts of the samples submitted were $1.3\times10^3\~2.5\times10^6/g$ and the numbers of coliform and E. coli were above $0\~5.5\times10^2/g\;and\;2\~9.2\times10^2/100g$ respectively. Among the 373 coliform bacteria isolated from the samples submitted, 298 strains were identified as coliform by IMViC test, $44^{\circ}C$ culture and gelatin liquefaction test. E. coli type I and K. aerogenes type I were the most predominant ones among the identified coliform as 138 strains and 71 strains respectively. The psychrotrophic coliform growing at $5^{\circ}C$ were 186 $strains(50\%)$ among 373 strains of isolated coliform. Vibrio and Pseudomonas were the most predominant groups. Among 453 strains of isolated bacteria, Vibrio was 240 $strains(53\%)$ and Pseudomonas was 91 $strains(20\%)$. Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacterium-Cytophage were scantly detected. In seasonal variation of general bacterial flora, a lot of Vibrio appeared from May to October, did Moraxella during the winter season and the other genuses showed no seasonal change.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1999

A total of 136 coliform bacteria isolated from spring water (112 strains) and ground water (24 strains), submitted to Seoul Health and Environmental Research Institute from June to July in 1997, were characterized biochemically and microbiologically. Colonical characteristics of each isolate were also noted, including color and texture on EMB agar. Among the 136 isolates, 50.7% were greenish metallic sheen color, 44.2% were pink and 5.1% were violet. The sixty four percent were smooth, 34.6% were mucoid and 0.7%. were rough. Twenty three bacterial species were identified by IMViC and API 20E test. Among the 136 coliform bacteria known to species, 39 isolates (28.6%) were Escherichia spp., 32 isolates (23.5%) were Klebsiella ssp., 30 isolates (22.1%) were Enterobacter spp., 19 isolates (14.0%) were Serratia spp., 6 isolates (4.4%) were Citrobacter spp., 4 isolates (3.0%) were Kluyvera spp. and 7 isolates (5.1%) were other bacterial species. Strains, which were gas-positive in lactose broth but gas-negative in Kligler Iron Agar were Ent. intermedium, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. marcescenes and Salmonella arizoae. Strains, which were H2S production were also Kleb. pneumoniae, Kleb. oxytoca, Kleb. ornithinolytica, Ent. sahazahii, Ent. cloacae, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. fica ria, Cit. freundii and Sal. arizoae. In the present study, most of coliform isolated from spring and ground water were E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Since coliform with pink colony in EMB agar was isolated as frequent as coliform with greenish metallic sheen colony, coliform with pink colony should be considered as important colony. Our results suggested that new coliform strains may be emerging on the basis of biochemical and microbiological testes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2017

In order to find a way to reduce histamine formation when storing salted mackerel at home, a series of experiments were carried to monitor the time-related changes of histamine content, total aerobic bacteria and coliform quality of mackerel marketed in Incheon by the type of storage containers (clean, zipper and vacuum bag) during storage at $4^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Histamine formation was continuously increased with passing time during storage at $4^{\circ}C$, whereas it was decreased after 3 days during storage at $24^{\circ}C$. The initial value of histamine was maintained during storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. During storage at $4^{\circ}C$, total aerobic bacteria and coliform showed a tendency to increased rapidly till 3day and then decreased gradually. The formation of histamine was increased in the order of vacuum bag$4^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1979

To prepare the objective quality control index of red pepper powder, the relationships among the color appearance, capsanthin red pigment and the contamination of coliform bacteria were studied and summarized as followings; 1. Visual method by human eyes was inadequate to grade the quality of red pepper powder, because of the different personal color evaluation. 2. Grading upon capsanthin contents are well agreed with the color appearance of the red pepper powder. Therefore, color appearance can be correlated with the capsanthin content. 3. Color appearance of the red pepper can be numerically expressed with Hunter-value a/b; Capsanthin $content(mg/g-red pepper)=0.257{\times}10^{0.703}(a/b)$ and it can be used as an index of the quality control of red pepper powder. 4. There was no distinct correlation between the comtamination of coliform bacteria and the color value.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.205-217
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• 2022

School meals are prepared based using the HACCP system, which is designed to ensure the physical and mental health of students. However, operational recommendations in school cafeterias have changed due to COVID-19 and include delays in serving time to restrict the number of meals and the installation of screens to prevent droplet transmission. Unfortunately, these changes may have detrimentally affected hygiene practices and generated new food poisoning sources. This study aimed to determine the hygiene state of school cafeterias in the Gyeongnam area from December 2020 to September 2021 based on the monitoring of total aerobic and coliform bacteria. Kitchen floors were the most contaminated areas with an average number of total aerobic bacteria of 4.3 log CFU/100 cm², whereas counts in dining areas were relatively low at 0.1~3.5 log CFU/100 cm². Newly installed partitioned areas had the lowest contamination level of 0.1~2.8 log CFU/100 cm². Escherichia coli was not detected on any surface, while coliform was detected on workbenches and floors. In conclusion, hygienic practices appear to have been adequately managed in school cafeterias despite COVID-19 driven changes. Nonetheless, continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure prompt response to changing environments.