• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.281-285
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• 2008

냉간단조금형(Cold Forging Die)의 다이블록(Dieblock)을 제작하는 방법 중의 하나로, 다이블록 제작용 재료를 면가공 하여 다이블록 상면(上面)을 마스터펀치(Master Punch)인 호브(Hob)로 압입(Indentation) 시켜 절삭가공((Cutting Work)이 아닌 다이호빙(Die Hobbing) 방법으로 임프레션(Impression)을 성형하여 제작하고 있다. 이 방법에 의하여 다이블록의 재료를 합금공구강(Alloy Tool Steel)인 SKD11을 사용하여 제작하고, 스테인리스판(Stainless Sheet Metal)을 제품 재료로 하여 냉간단조가공(Cold Forging Work)을 수행하였더니 6,000 스트로크(Stroke)에서 금형수명(Die Life)을 다 하고 파손되었다. 본 논문에서는 다이블록 재료를 고속도공구강(High Speed Tool Steel)인 SKH51로 교체 제작하고, 탄소강(Carbon Steel)인 S45C를 제품 재료로 하여 냉간단조가공을 수행하였더니 21,000 스트로크에서 금형수명을 다하고 파손되어 종래의 방법과 비교 검토하였을 때 350%의 금형수명 연장 효과를 얻게 되었다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.291-296
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• 2013

SKD11 (ASTM D2) tool steel is a versatile high-carbon, high-chromium, air-hardening tool steel that is characterized by a relatively high attainable hardness and numerous, large, chromium rich alloy carbide in the microstructure. SKD11 tool steel provides an effective combination of wear resistance and toughness, tool performance, price, and a wide variety of product forms. The CNTs was good additives to improve the mechanical properties of metal. In this study, 1, 3 vol% CNTs was dispersed in SKD11 matrix by mechanical alloying. The SKD11+ CNT hybrid nanocomposites were investigated by FE-SEM, particle size distribution, hardness and wear resistance. The CNT was well dispersed in the SKD11 matrix and the mechanical properties of the composite were improved by CNTs addition. It shows good feasibility as cold work die tool.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part2
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• pp.841-843
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• 2006

In high-performance cold work applications, tool failure depends on the predominating loading conditions. Typical failure mechanisms are a combination of abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, cracking and edge crumbling. In this paper we demonstrate how the microstructure of tool steels can be positively influenced by modifying the alloying system and the production route to meet the demands of the different loading situations which occur during operation. The investigation was focused on ductility, fatigue strength and wear resistance. Theoretical considerations were confirmed by practical tests.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2007년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.337-340
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• 2007

냉간단조금형(Cold Forging Die)의 다이블록(Dieblock)을 제작하는 방법 중의 하나로, 다이블록 제작용 재료를 면가공 하여 다이블록 상면(上面)을 마스터펀치(Master Punch)인 호브(Hob)로 압입(Indentaion) 시켜 절삭가공((Cutting Work)이 아닌 다이호빙(Die Hobbing) 방법으로 임프레션(Impression)을 성형하여 제작하고 있다. 이 방법에 의하여 다이블록의 재료를 합금공구강(Alloy Tool Steel)인 SKD11을 사용하여 제작하고, 스테인리스판(Stainless Sheet Metal)을 제품 재료로 하여 냉간단조가공(Cold Forging Work)을 하였더니 6,000 스트로크(Stroke)에서 금형수명(Die Life)을 다 하였다. 본 논문에서는 다이블록 재료를 고속도공구강(High Speed Tool Steel)인 SKH51로 교체 제작하고, 탄소강(Carbon Steel)인 S45C를 제품 재료로 하여 냉간단조가공을 수행 하였더니 21,000 스트로크에서 금형수명을 다하고 종료 되어 종래의 방법과 비교 검토 하였을 때 350%의 금형수명 연장 효과를 얻게 되었다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.290-299
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• 2018

The microstructure of a newly developed alloy tool steel (KV1) for casting cold-work press dies was analyzed using advanced scanning electron microscopy. Its mechanical properties and durability in use as piercing inserts were tested. It contained a continuous network structure which originated from the micro-segregation during solidification and was composed of retained austenite and primary carbides. However, after quenching and tempering, its continuity was destroyed due to the decomposition of austenite. The discontinuous spatial distribution and the smaller amount of primary carbide in the network presented KV1 enhanced ductility compared to the common alloy (HK700). The reduced C and Cr, the addition of V resulted in a small amount of primary carbides which primarily consisted of MC, as well as fine and uniform dispersion of precipitates. Owing to these features, KV1 exhibited delayed initiation of chipping when used for piercing inserts.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2017

The microstructure of a high-carbon and high-chromium cast steel (HK700) for cold-work die inserts was analyzed by advanced scanning electron microscopy. A continuous network of primary $M_7C_3$ carbide was developed among austenitic matrix after casting. A small amount of $M_2C$ was added to the carbide network owing to the enrichment of Mo and W during the solidification. After quenching in which the austenitization was performed at $1030^{\circ}C$ and double tempering at $520^{\circ}C$, the network structure of $M_7C_3$ was preserved while most of the matrix was transformed to martensite because of additional carbide precipitation. The $M_2C$ in the as-cast microstructure was also transformed to $M_6C$ due to its instability. The continuous network of coarse carbides owing to the absence of hot-working had little influence on the hardness after quenching and tempering, whereas it resulted in severe brittleness upon flexural loading.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.202-209
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• 2017

A cold-work tool steel powder is used to fabricate 3-dimensional objects by selective laser melting using a high-pressure gas atomization process. The spherical powder particles form continuous carbide networks among the austenite matrix and its decomposition products. The carbides comprise Nb-rich MC and Mo-rich $M_2C$. In the SLM process, the process parameters such as the laser power (90 W), layer thickness ($25{\mu}m$), and hatch spacing ($80{\mu}m$) are kept fixed, while the scan speed is changed from 50 mm/s to 4000 mm/s. At a low scan speed of 50 mm/s, spherical cavities develop due to over melting, while they are substantially reduced on increasing the speed to 2000 mm/s. The carbide network spacing decreases with increasing speed. At an excessively high speed of 4000 mm/s, long and irregularly shaped cavities are developed due to incomplete melting. The influence of the scan pattern is examined, for which $1{\times}1 mm^2$ blocks constituting a processing layer are irradiated in a random sequence. This island-type pattern exhibits the same effect as that of a low scan speed. Post processing of an object using hot isostatic pressing leads to a great reduction in the porosity but causes coarsening of the microstructure.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

Two types of advanced cold-work tool steels were characterized and compared. A higher-alloyed ledeburitic steel with primary carbides (denoted as 9Cr) and a lower-alloyed steel without primary carbides (5Cr) were fabricated by vacuum induction melting and subsequent hot forging. They were spheroidizing-annealed at $870^{\circ}C$, quenched at $1030^{\circ}C$ and tempered at 180 or $520^{\circ}C$. Their machinability after annealing and hardness, impact toughness, wear resistance after tempering were compared and interpreted in association with their characteristic microstructures. After annealing, 5Cr showed higher resistance to machining due to higher ductility and toughness in spite of lower strength and smaller carbide volume. Owing to smaller carbide volume fraction and the absence of coarse primary carbides, 5Cr showed even better impact toughness although the hardness was lower. The improved toughness of 5Cr resulted in excellent wear resistance, while smaller volume fraction of retained austenite also contributed to it.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.242-252
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• 2014

A comparative study was performed on the microstructures and the mechanical properties of STD11 and 8Cr steel. The specimens were quenched from $1030^{\circ}C$ and tempered at $240^{\circ}C$ and $520^{\circ}C$. Vickers hardness, impact toughness and tensile tests were conducted at various tempering temperatures. Microstructural characterization to measure grain size, volume fraction of retained austenite and distribution of carbides was carried out by using SEM, EBSD, TEM and X-ray diffraction techniques. Due to finer $M_7C_3$ carbides dispersed, 8Cr steel showed larger impact toughness and plasticity than STD11 irrespective of the tempering temperature. While 8Cr steel had lower hardness in as-quenched state and after tempering at $240^{\circ}C$ owing to smaller carbide content and more retained austenite, it was harder after tempering at $520^{\circ}C$ due to larger precipitation hardening from finer $M_{23}C_6$.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집 - 한국공작기계학회
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• pp.74-80
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• 1999

Work roll wear in the cold rolling of mild steel strip is strongly affected by rolling materials, rolling conditions such as roll arrangement in the cold rolling mill and lubrication. The tests were performed to find the effects of roll arrangement n the cold rolling mill on the work roll wear under the same lubricating conditions. The obtained results are as follows:If the distance of cold rolling is about 60km, the surface roughness of its was reduced by half(Ra 0.49${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and Pc(peak count) also was decreased to 60 ea/cm.It is easier for CC(Continuous casting) to make a slip on rolling than IC(Ingot casting). It is due to surface mirror in which first residual product appears and iron powder included Al2O3 is sticked. Because bending degree of 4Hi-rolling mill is higher than 6Hi-rolling mill, the first surface mirror was occurred to its center-point which is loaded strongly. 6Hi-rolling mill shape-controlled by intermediate roll doesn't need the initial crown to work roll. Therefore, fatigue and wear would appear a little bit.