• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2008

Purpose: We investigated the effect of far-infrared radiating products on cold hypersensitivity of lower limbs using CST. Methods: 7 patients with cold hypersensitivity of lower limbs were investigated in this study. Exclusive criteria was skin diseases, spinal nervous disease and external wounds. They were asked to answer the VAS of cold hypersensitivity at baseline and after 3 weeks. We measured temperature of lower limbs with Spectrum 9000 MB (Dorex Inc, USA). We performed cold stress test (CST) by 3 thermographic observation using DITI : 1st was taken after 15 minutes resting at $25^{\circ}C$, the 2nd was immediately taken after 1 minute soak in $20^{\circ}C$ water, the 3rd was taken at 15 minutes after soak. We performed 3 times of CST : 1st CST was perfomed at baseline, 2nd CST was perfomred after 1 week and just observation, 3rd CST was performed after 1 week using far-infrared radiating products (lasner, UMT, Korea). Results: After using products, temperature of foot incresed more than thigh area, but there was no significance. There was no statistical difference of VAS, change of temperature and CST between before and after using far-infrared radiating products. Conclusion: There was no statistical effect of far-infrared radiating products on change of temperature of lower limbs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.559-568
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• 2004

Diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon is primarily based on clinical symptoms. Cold stress test(CST) done by DITI(Digital Infrared Thermographic Image) can be helpful for objective diagnosis. The cold stress test was performed three times by DITI; the first after 15 minutes of rest, the second right after one minute of soaking in $20^{\circ}C$ water, the third ten minutes after immersion. For a clear diagnosis, the temperature of the finger tips must be low, or the thermal difference between the metacarpophalangeal joints and the fingertips must be large. Also the evaluation of treatment depends on decrease of thermal gradient between the metacarpophalangeal joints and the finger tips after CST. In oriental medicine Raynaud's phenomenon can be categorized by coldness of the limbs or numbness. Numbness was diagnosed as depression of Ki and Chiljehyangbuhwan(Qizhixiangfuwan) was prescribed. Positive results were observed, not only in follow up CST, but also Visual Analogue Scale after treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2006

Background: Despite the enormous amount of basic research on neuropathic pain, there is the lack of an objective diagnostic test for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of cold stress thermography in the diagnosis of CRPS. Methods: The study involved 12 patients with CRPS type 1, according to the IASP criteria, who were compared with 15 normal healthy volunteers. All subjects underwent thermographic examination under baseline conditions at $21^{\circ}C$. A cold stress test (CST; $10^{\circ}C$ water for 1 minute) was then applied to both hands below the wrists, immediate, and after 10 and 20 minutes. Results: The temperature asymmetry between the patients with CRPS and the volunteers showed significant discrimination at the baseline and after a 20 minute recovery period from the CST. Among the study subjects having temperature asymmetry of both hands of less than $1^{\circ}C$ (8 out of 12 CRPS patients and 14 out of 15 volunteer), 7 (87.5%) of the 8 CRPS patients and 3 (21%) of the 14 volunteers showed a temperature difference of more than $1^{\circ}C$ after the 20 minute recovery period. The actual temperature values during the four periods did not discriminate between the patients with CRPS and the volunteers. Conclusions: Thermography, under the CST, could be a more objective test for the diagnosis of CRPS. A temperature asymmetry greater than $1^{\circ}C$ during the 20 minute recovery period following CST provides strong diagnostic information about CRPS, with both high sensitivity and specificity.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

Purpose : There are many patients with cold hypersensitivity who want oriental medicine treatment. But there has been no study of acupucture treatment effect on patients. So we examined effects of acupuncture treatment at different acupuncture points and compared results of 1st cold stress test and 2nd cold stress test. Method : 8 patients with hand cold hypersensitivity applied for this study. To rule out an bias, we excluded the patients with skin diseases, spinal nerve disease of cervial spine, external wounds. We measured body temperature with D.I.T.I. We performed cold stress test(CST) by 6 thermographic observation using D.I.T.I ; the 1st was taken after 15 minutes-resting, the 2nd was immediately taken after 1 minute soak in $20^{\circ}C$ water, the 3rd was taken at 10 minutes after the soak, and after a week, the 4th was taken after 15 minutes resting, the 5th was immediately taken after 1 minute soak in $20^{\circ}C$ water, the 6th was taken after 10 minutes with acupunture treatment. There were two groups of patients. First group was acupuncture that performed acupuncture therapy on distal points. Second group was acupuncture that performed acupuncture therapy on proximal points. We compared first CST and second CST recovery rate result. Results : The recovery rate at distal points acupuncture therapy was higher than before of that. but not significantly different. The recovery rate at proximal points acupuncture therapy was significantly higher than before of that. The recovery rate of both the back, the palms, all fingers of after proximal acupuncture therapy was significantly higher than before of that. Conclusions : Acupuncture could be effective therapy method on cold hypersensitivity, especially using proximal acupuncture points could be good at cold hypersensitivity patients. This was pilot study of very small samples, results had limitations. For further results more examine would be needed.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2023

Background: Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging global pandemic which is associated with lots of co-morbidities and reported vascular dysfunctions. T2DM associated vascular dysfunctions leads to vasculopathy in the form of altered peripheral vascular dynamics. Cold stress test (CST) is a reliable sympathetic reactivity test used for assessing vascular dysfunctions. In this study we are trying to quantify vascular dysfunctions in T2DM patients non invasively by various parameters of photoplethysmography (PPG) of cold stress test. Methods: Case control study had done in referral health center AIIMS, Raipur. Parameters are recorded by finger-PPG before, during and after CST (1 min) in 2 groups, control (n = 20 healthy volunteers) and case (n = 20 diagnosed T2DM patients). Results: Due to cold stress, PPG parameter peak amplitude was significantly decreased in both healthy and T2DM groups (p <0.001 and p <0.001, respectively). However, recovery trend of amplitude was significantly slow in T2DM compared to healthy subjects. Another PPG parameter peak to peak interval was significantly higher in healthy group compared to T2DM patients. Conclusions: This study showed that T2DM patients has significant deranged pulse volume parameters like amplitude and peak to peak interval can be used to objectively quantify the vasculopathy in T2DM patients by using sympathetic reactivity to cold stress.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

To find proper lathe machining parameters for SA182 Grade 304 stainless steel (SS), six kinds of samples with different machining surface states were prepared using a lathe. Surface morphologies and microstructures of near surface deformed layers on different samples were analysed. Surface morphologies and chemical composition of oxide films formed on different samples in simulated primary water with $100{\mu}g/L\;O_2$ at $310^{\circ}C$ were characterized. Results showed that surface roughness was mainly affected by lathe feed. Surface machining caused grain refinement at the top layer. A severely deformed layer with different thicknesses formed on all samples. In addition to high defect density caused by surface deformation, phase transformation, residual stress, and strain also affected the oxidation behaviour of SA182 Grade 304 SS in the test solution. Machining parameters used for # 4 (feed, 0.15 mm/r; back engagement, 2 mm; cutting speed, 114.86 m/min) and # 6 (feed,0.20 mm/r; back engagement, 1 mm; cutting speed, 73.01 m/min) samples were found to be proper for lathe machining of SA182 Grade 304 SS.