• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.549-556
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• 2017

This study investigated the importance of social cognitive intervention and the cognitive rehabilitation intervention by comparing the difference and examining the relationship between neurological cognitive function and social cognitive function of stroke patients in the acute phase and chronic stroke before returning to the community. LOTCA, cartoon intention inference task, and social behavior sequence task were performed on 30 acute stroke inpatients and 30 chronic stroke patients from May 2015 to June 2016. A two sample t test was conducted to examine the differences between the groups. The Pearson's correlations test was performed to examine the correlation among the variables in each group. As a result, there were statistically significant differences between the neurological cognitive function and social cognitive function of acute stroke patients and chronic stroke patients who were undergoing rehabilitation training before returning to the community (p<0.05). A linear relationship was found between the thinking operation and social behavior sequence task in the acute stroke group (r=0.539, p<0.05). In the chronic stroke group, visual perception (r=0.530, p<0.05), visual motor organization (r=0.655, p<0.05) and thinking operation (r=0.534, p<0.05) were correlated with the cartoon intention inference task. In addition, the social behavior sequence task were correlated with visual organization (r=0.534, p<0.05) and thinking operation (r=0.764, p<0.05). As a result of multiple regression analysis, the neurological cognitive functions influencing the social cognitive function in the cartoon task was found to be the thinking operation (B = 0.431) in acute stroke patients and the thinking operation (B=0.272) and visuomotor organization (B = 0.218) in the case of chronic stroke. In addition, the results of the social behavior sequence task revealed the thinking operation (B=0.417) in the acute stroke patients, and thinking operation (B=0.267), visual motor organization(B=0.274) and visual perception(B=151) in chronic stroke patients to be significant. According to this result, there is a difference in the neurological and social cognitive levels between the two groups. Therefore, the social cognition is strongly related to the high level cognitive function as thinking operation of the neurological cognitive function. Therefore, in further research, it would be necessary to determine if there is a change in higher cognitive function in neurological cognitive function after applying a social cognition intervention program for stroke.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the errors and difficulties which pre-service secondary teachers shows during the task modification in consideration of the cognitive demand and to provide significant implications to the pre-service teacher education program related to the modification of the mathematical tasks. In the pursuit of this purpose, tasks were selected from perpendicular bisector units and 24 pre-service teachers were asked to modify the tasks to higher and lower level tasks. After the modification activities, opportunities for reflection and modification were provided. The findings from analysis are as follows. Pre-service teachers had a difficulty to distinguish between PNC tasks and PWC tasks. Also, We identified the interference phenomena that pre-service teachers depended on the apparent elements of the task. Pre-service teachers showed a tendency to overlook the learning objectives and learning hierarchy during the task modification, and to focus on some types of task modification. However, pre-service teachers were able to have meaningful learning opportunities and extend the category of tools to technology including Geogebra through self-reflection and correction activities on task modification. The above results were summed up and we presented the implications to the task modification program in the pre-service secondary teacher education.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the changes of postural sway and muscle activation while standing upright and performing a dual task. Methods: Nine healthy adults were recruited and provided their written informed consent. They performed a balance task with and without a cognitive task on a force flatform (Good balance, Metitur Ltd., Filand). Postural sway was measured as medio-lateral and anterior-posterior distance and the velocity of the center of pressure and muscle activations of the ankle dorsi- and plantar-muscle was measured. The recruits completed three trials and the data was analyzed by a paired t-test. Results: There were significant differences in the medio-lateral and anterior-posterior distance and the velocity of the center of pressure, and significant increases in the muscle activities of the tibialis anterior. Conclusion: These findings revealed that performing a dual task increases postural sway and muscle activation of the ankle when simultaneously maintaining balance and performing another cognitive task. Future studies should focus on balance training with a dual task for patients.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2022

Purpose: For now, cognitive load is assessed based on survey-based methods, which can be difficult to track the amount of cognitive load in real-time. In this study, we investigated the difference in electrophysiological activation due to different levels of cognitive load not only at sensor-level but also at source-level using electroencephalogram that might be potentially used for quantitative cognitive load evaluation. Materials and Methods: In this study, ten healthy subjects (mean age 24.3 ± 2.1, three female) participated the experiment. All participants performed 4 sessions of n-back task in different difficulties: 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back during electroencephalogram recording. For sensor-level analysis, we calculated the event-related potential and event-related spectral perturbation while low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) to estimate the source activation. Each result was compared between different workload conditions using statistical analysis. Results: Statistical results revealed that the accuracy of the task performance was significantly different between different cognitive loads (p = 0.018). The post-hoc analysis confirmed that the accuracy of the 3-back task was significantly decreased compared to 1-back condition (p = 0.018), but not with 2-back condition (p = 0.180). ERP results showed that P300 target amplitude between 1-back and 3-back had a marginal difference in Cz (p = 0.059) and Pz(p = 0.093). A significant inhibition in Cz high-beta activation (p = 0.017) and decrease in source activation of right parahippocampal gyrus was found in 3-back condition compared to 1-back condition (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we compared the sensor- and source-level differences in electroencephalogram between different levels of cognitive load, that were found to be in line with the previous reports related to cognitive load evaluation. We expect that the outcome of the current study can be used as a feature to establish a quantitative cognitive load assessment system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2023

PURPOSE: Falls are caused by a decline in physical and cognitive function. A quantitative evaluation tool that can comprehensively evaluate motor and cognitive functions for elderly people with an impaired physical function. This study assessed the clinical application potential by confirming the correlation between the physical function tests, cognitive and the stepping trail-making test (S-TMT). METHODS: Fourteen community-dwelling older patients (65-75 years) were recruited. The study conducted cognitive function tests with the trail-making test (TMT-A, B), and physical function tests (6-minute walking test (6MWT), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and timed up and go (TUG)). The results of were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics were used for the general characteristics of the study subjects, and the correlations between S-TMT, other functional tests were examined through Pearson's correlation analysis. The statistical significance was set to .05. RESULTS: S-TMT had a significant positive correlation with the TUG (r = .588^*) and trail-making test-B (TMT-B) (r = .689^*, p < .05). Furthermore, S-TMT showed a negative correlation between SPPB (r = -.397) and 6MWT (r = -.422), but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: S-TMT is a cognitive-gait dual-task performance evaluation tool that can be performed safely. A significant correlation was confirmed between the TUG test and the TMT-B. S-TMT is a dual-task screening tool that can evaluate both physical and cognitive functions simultaneously.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 1987

The purpose of the present research was to study mothers' perceptions about their children' cognitive abilities and the relations between such perceptions and the children's cognitive level. The subjects of this study were 60 children (mean age: 6 years 1 month: age range = 5;8 to 6;7) and their mothers. Each child responded to 18 tasks drawn from the Kodae-Binet IQ test. Subsequently, the mothers were asked 4 questions: an estimate of her child's success or failure on the tasks, a rating of the certainty of her judgment, an estimate of the age of mastery on each task both for her owr child and children in general. The data of the present study were analyzed with the 3-way ANOVA (sex x birth order x mother's education level), t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Significant differences were found in (1) mothers' accuracy of their children's cognitive abilities according to children's birth order, (2) mothers' accuracy, overestimation, and certainty according to the level of difficulty of each task, and (3) mothers' estimate of age at mastery according to the level of each task. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between accurate predictions by the mother and correct answers by the child and between overestimations by the mother and correct answers by the child.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.120-121
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• 2018

Recently, the population of the elderly in Korea has been rapidly increasing, and the medical problems related to the increase of the elderly population and the cognitive decline of the elderly are becoming big social issues. In this study, a task analysis is conducted to develop a cognitive rehabilitation program aimed at improving the IADL(instrumental activities of daily living) of the cognitively deprived elderly. Especially, we focused on analyzing financial management task with ATM use. The task analysis scenario developed through this study is the basis for the development of educational programs to improve the IADL of the cognitively deprived elderly.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.101-111
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• 2023

This study conducted systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the effectiveness of a dual-task for cognitive function in patients with MCI in Korea. A search was conducted using eight databases, and the search terms were MCI, cognition, and dual task. This study includes RCT and nonRCT published from January 2013 to July 2023. A total of 682 studies were searched, and 8 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally analyzed. Methodological quality was assessed with the RoB, RoBANS. The meta-analysis used CMA 4.0 ver. As a result of the analysis, the overall effect size of the dual task was medium effect size. The effect size according to the outcome variables was large for orientation and executive function, and medium effect size for global cognitive function, visuospatial function, memory, and attention. As a result of analysis according to the intervention period, the effect was greater when applied for 4 to 8 weeks, and the effect size was larger when applied for 24 to 30 sessions. This study presented clinical evidence on the effectiveness and application method of a dual-task applied to improve cognitive function in patients with MCI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

The application of advanced Main Control Room(MCR) is accompanied with lots of changes and different forms and features through the virtue of new digital technologies. The characteristics of these digital technologies and devices give many opportunities to the interface management, and can be integrated into a compact single workstation in advanced MCR so that workers can operate the plant with minimum physical burden under any operation conditions. However, these devices may introduce new types of human errors and thus a means to evaluate and prevent such errors is needed, especially those related to characteristics of digital devices. This paper reviewed the new type of human error hazards of tasks based on digital devices and surveyed researches on physiological assessment related to human error. An experiment was performed to verify human error hazards by physiological responses such as EEG which was measured to evaluate the cognitive workload of operators. And also, the performances of four tasks which are representative in human error hazard tasks based on digital devices were compared. Response time, ${\beta}$ power spectrum rate of each task by EEG, and mental workload by NASA-TLX were evaluated. In the results of the experiment, the rate of the ${\beta}$ power was increased in the task 1 and task 4 which are searching and navigating task and memory task of hierarchical information, respectively. In case of the mental workload, in most of evaluation items, task 1 and 4 were highly rated comparatively. In this paper, human error hazards might be identified by highly cognitive workload. Conclusively, it was concluded that the predictive method which is utilized in this paper and an experimental verification can be used to ensure the safety when applying the digital devices in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.303-306
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• 2017

Purpose: Gait variability is defined as the intrinsic fluctuations which occur during continuous gait cycles. Increased gait variability is closely associated with increased fall risk in older adults. This study investigated the influence of attention-demanding tasks on gait variability in elderly healthy adults. Methods: We recruited 15 healthy elderly adults in this study. All participants performed two cognitive tasks: a subtraction dual-task (SDT) and working memory dual-task (WMDT) during gait plus one normal gait. Using the $LEGSys^+$ system, we measured the coefficient of variation (CV %=$100{\times}$[standard deviation/mean]) for participants' stride time, stride length, and stride velocity. Results: SDT gait showed significant increment of stride time variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05), however, stride length and velocity variability did not difference between SDT gait and usual gait (p>0.05). WMDT gait showed significant increment of stride time and velocity variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05). In addition, stride time variability during WMDT gait also significantly increased compared with SDT gait (p<0.05). Conclusion: We reported that SDT and WMDT gait can induce the increment of the gait variability in elderly adults. We assume that attention demanding task based on working memory has the most influence on the interference between cognitive and gait function. Understanding the changes during dual task gait in older ages would be helpful for physical intervention strategies and improved risk assessment.