• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-292
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• 2019

The loss of semantic knowledge and impairments in semantic associations by semantic category is gaining increasing attention, as indicators of early-stage cognitive decline. As such, we assigned semantic association task (SAT) to normal elderly (NE) and those with subjective memory impairment (SMI) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to examine their performance by semantic subcategories and the differences in error patterns. We found a significant difference in the number of correct response and reaction time under the SAT categories among the three groups, with the highest performance observed in 'function' and the lowest performance in 'superordinate' and 'part/whole'. Moreover, the error frequency was the lowest in NE, followed by those with SMI and MCI, with the latter two groups showing a significant increase in no-response. Our findings demonstrate the varying extent and process of impairments in the semantic network by category over different stages of cognitive decline. Thus, we proposed SAT performance as an indicator to detect and follow-up on cognitive decline in elderly with cognitive disorder.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.83-91
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• 2022

Purpose: The goal of this study was to investigate changes in dual-task performance according to age and difficulty of cognitive tasks for the in community-dwelling elderly populations, as well as to examine their changes in hand dexterity according to age and cognitive function. Methods: A total of 135 people aged 65 years old and over participated in the study. To evaluate each participant's dual-task performance, each participant completed a dual task. To assess their cognitive function, the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) and the Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were the tools used. Participants were divided into three groups based on their age: 65-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years. Results: The findings showed that age groups and the difficulty of the cognitive task significantly affected the amount of time required for dual-task performance (p<.001). Additionally, the dual-task correct response rate (CRR) decreased significantly with age groups and the difficulty of the cognitive task (p<.001). The amount of time required for finger dexterity performance increased significantly with age groups (mean score±standard deviation [SD]; 19.46±2.26 in subjects aged 65-69 years; 21.92±2.61 in subjects aged 70-79 years; and 23.82±2.92 in subjects aged 80-89 years; p<.001). Moreover, as a result of the correlation between hand dexterity and cognitive function, MoCA-K was -0.563 and MMSE-K was -.412, showing a statistically significant correlation (p<.001). Conclusions: Age and the difficulty of the cognitive task affect the community-dwelling elderly populations in terms of dual-task performance and dual-task CRR. In addition, aging and general cognition have an impact on hand dexterity. Based on the results of this study, it is anticipated that the results will serve as a reference for domestic clinical trials that confirm cognitive decline in the elderly using dual task and hand dexterity evaluation.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.73-88
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• 2004

This study was contrived Hierarchical Information Search (HIS) model. HIS model is based on a “cognitive process” in which model, comprising basic human information processing mechanize and information interaction. Its process include 3 semantic cognitive processes: Schema-Association LTM, Form Domain, and Alternative Selection. Design methodology consists to elicitate memory, thinking and cognitive response variables. In case study, menu structure of mobile phone was applied. In result, a correlation between predictive error rate and real error rate was .892. and a correlation between selective and real reaction time was .697. This present to suggest a model of how the methodology could be applied to real system design effectively when this was used. HIS model could become one of the most important factors for success of product design. In the perspective, the systemic methodology would contribute to design a quantitative and predictive system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.55-59
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• 2010

To examine iterocular interactions in normal subjects, we recorded EEG activity from channel O1 and O2 on 14 healthy subjects while checkerboard pattern reversals were presented to each eye with different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 0 to 218 ms. When pattern reversals were presented asynchronously to each eye, P-1 activity evoked by each reversal was significantly suppressed compared to the activation evoked by synchronous reversals. Furthermore, when there was time delay between pattern reversals to each eye, theta (4-10 Hz) band power was also significantly decreased, whereas beta (10-30 Hz) band power was relatively preserved. Our results suggest that neural activity evoked by sustained but not yet reversed checkerboard from one eye might inhibit upcoming neural response evoked by reversed checkerboard from the other eye. Decreased P-1 activity might reflect such inhibitory interaction between two eyes. Also, decreased theta and preserved beta band power might reflect engagement of different neural circuit for binocular / monocular vision.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-569
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• 2011

Objective: This study focuses on the effects of pre-cues informing the location of upcoming visual stimulus on finger movement response in the context of control-on-display interfaces. Background: Previous research on pre-cues focus on attention allocation and motion studies were limited to indirect control conditions. The design of this study aimed to collect data on the exact landing point for finger-tap responses to a given visual stimulus. Method: Controlled visual stimuli and tasks were presented on a UI evaluation system built using mobile web standards; response accuracy and response time were measured and collected as appropriate. Among the 16 recruited participants, 11 completed the experiment. Results: Providing pre-cue on the location of stimulus affected response time and response accuracy. The response bias, which is a distance from the center of stimulus to the finger-tap location, was larger when the pre-cue was given during a one-handed operation. Conclusion: Given a pre-cue, response time decreases, but with accuracy penalized. Application: In designing touch-screen UI's - more strictly, visual components also acting as controllers - designers would do well to balance human perceptual and cognitive characteristics strategically.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.493-504
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• 2020

The objectives of this study was to examine the effect of Interactive Video Game on cognitive information processing the elderly. Sixty elderly were attended in this study. Their ages ranged from 65 to 70, with a mean age of 67.60 years. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) interactive video game group (n=20), (2) aerobic exercise group (n=20), (3) control group (n=20). The experimental design of this study was analyzed using two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures of groups and time. Cognitive function was assessed by neuroelectrical response, and ERP analysis. The results of the study showed that the interactive video game group and aerobic exercise group showed no significant statistical differences in the response time, response accuracy, amplitude and potential of the performance of the exercise in cognitive function and ERP analysis, but improved the interaction video game group and aerobic exercise (walking) group over the control group. It was concluded that long-term aerobic exercise like interactive video game is associated with attenuation of cognitive decline in the elderly.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2020

Objectives : Increasing evidence supports the biological and pharmacological activities of essential oils on the central nervous system such as pain, anxiety, attention, arousal, relaxation, sedation and learning and memory. The purpose of present work is to investigate the protective effect and molecular mechanism of cypress essential oil (CEO) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced cognitive impairments in C57BL/6 mice. Methods : A series of behavior tests such as Morris water maze, passive avoidance, and fear conditioning tests were conducted to monitor learning and memory functions. Immunoblotting and RT-PCR were also performed in the hippocampal tissue to determine the underlying mechanism of CEO. Results : SCO induced cognitive impairments as assessed by decreased step-through latency in passive avoidance test, relatively low freezing time in fear conditioning test, and increased time spent to find the hidden platform in Morris water maze test. Conversely, CEO inhalation significantly reversed the SCO-induced cognitive impairments in C57BL/6 mice comparable to control levels. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of memory enhancing effect of CEO we have examined the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. CEO effectively elevated the protein as well as mRNA expression of BDNF via activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Conclusions : Our findings suggest that CEO inhalation effectively restored the SCO-impaired cognitive functions in C56BL/6 mice. This learning and memory enhancing effect of CEO was partly mediated by up-regulation of BDNF via activation of CREB.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.70-74
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined whether 1) the motor inhibition response as cognitive-behavioral component is learning though a stop signal task using stop-signal paradigm, and 2) whether there is a difference in the learning degree according to imagery training and actual practice training. Methods: Twenty young adults (males: 9, females: 11) volunteered to participate in this study, and were divided randomly into motor imagery training (IT, n=10) and practice training (PT, n=10) groups. The PT group performed an actual practice stop-signal task, while the IT group performed imagery training, which showed a stop-signal task on a monitor of a personal computer. The non-signal reaction time and stop-signal reaction time of both groups were assessed during the stop-signal task. Results: In the non-signal reaction time, there were no significant intra-group and inter-group differences between pre- and post-intervention in both groups (p>0.05). The stop-signal reaction time showed a significant difference in the PT group in the intra-group analysis (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant intra-group difference in the IT group and inter-group difference between pre- and post-intervention (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that the motor inhibition response could be learned through a stop-signal task. Moreover, these findings suggest that actual practice is a more effective method for learning the motor inhibition response.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-99
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• 2016

This research investigated that participants' response time and recognition in the decision-making situation would vary according to either rational or emotional stimuli and analyzed how brain functions are related to each type of stimuli by means of fMRI. We tried to address the difference of cognitive processing between rational stimuli and emotional stimuli in the perspective of information processing theory. In order to achieve the research purpose above, we conducted two kinds of experiment studies. In study 1, subjects conducted decision-making task which selected which kind of information type the stimuli was after stimuli - rational stimuli or emotional stimuli - was randomly seen during experiment. During this experiment, we investigated the effect of each stimuli by measuring the duration from the onset time at which stimuli was shown to the response time at which subjects conducted decision-making. Furthermore, we compared the brain functions by finding out what kinds of brain areas were activated during the decision-making task. In study 2, subjects conducted recognition task at which subjects made a decision whether the stimuli was sees in the previous experiment or not. During the second experiment, we investigated the recognition effect by measuring the memory for each stimuli type. Moreover, we compared the cognitive processes during recognition by analyzing the differences of brain area functions. The results of two experiments above were as following. Firstly, regarding the response time as the effect of stimuli, we found that the effect of emotional stimuli was higher than that of rational stimuli. And regarding the recognition as the effect of stimuli, it was found that the effect of rational stimuli was higher than that of emotional stimuli. Secondly, the explanation about the characteristics of cognitive processes with the result of behavioral response by analyzing brain functions was as following. First of all, regarding the decision-making task which conducted for analyzing the effect of response time, the relatively high activated brain areas of rational stimuli were related with the functions of movement control or working memory, and the relatively high activated brain areas of emotional stimuli were connected with the functions of lingual processing.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.246-255
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• 2003

All art forms are the results of the artist's response to the philosophical, sociological, and cultural tendencies of the period in which the artist lives. Post-modern period differentiates itself from Modern period in many aspects. One of these is the emphasis on phenomena which are ephemeral and changing. This paper looks at the perceptive and cognitive bases of these expressions of change in space design and their affordances on human behavior The first chapter provides the purpose and the background of the research. It studies the philosophical, sociological and cultural characteristics of the Post-modern era which bring forth expressions of time ＆ change in space design. The second chapter explains two basic approaches which can be applied to the perception and cognition of the environment. The third chapter deals with the perceptional and cognitive bases, and the human affordances of the expressions of change in space design. Finally this paper will analyze the types of space design which show this tendency : change by the technology, change by the participation of viewers, and change by the natural and chance. In each type, there will be analyses of examples. this will lead us to the understanding of how the space design including time & change expresses the spirit of the age and how it can play positive roles in human psychology.