• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

Objectives: The overuse of the Internet among adolescents has increased dramatically in recent years, leading to pathological or problematic Internet use. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is known to be effective for the treatment of problematic Internet use, particularly for adolescents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of group CBT for problematic Internet use in adolescents. Methods: A total of 17 patients aged 12-17 years who met Young's diagnostic questionnaire criteria of problematic Internet use participated in a school-based eight-session group CBT program. The level of problematic Internet use among participating students was measured using Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). Depression and anxiety levels were evaluated using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. Each construct was assessed at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at a one-month follow-up visit. Statistical significance was based on a p-value of <0.05. Results: Immediately after the program, the IAS, CDI, and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) scores were significantly lower than before the program. At the one-month follow-up assessment, the IAS scores remained low, and the CDI and SAI scores were even lower than immediately after the program. Conclusion: Group CBT was effective for adolescents with problematic Internet use, and was also demonstrated to improve depression and anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2017

Objectives : Cognitive complaints are reported frequently after breast cancer treatments. The causes of cognitive decline are multifactorial, a result of the effect of cancer itself, chemotherapy, and psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. However, cognitive decline does not always correlate with neuropsychological test performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subjective cognitive decline with objective measurement and to explore associated factors of cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. Methods : We included 29 breast cancer survivors who complain cognitive decline at least 6 months after treatment and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Neuropsychological tests were performed in all participants. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated associations between neuropsychological test scores and psychological distress including depression and anxiety, also considering age, education, and comorbidity. Results : There were no statistically significant differences in neuropsychological test performances. However, the breast cancer survivors showed a significantly higher depression(p=0.002) and anxiety(p<0.001) than the healthy controls did. Among the cancer survivors, poorer executive function was strongly associated with higher depression(${\beta}=-0.336$, p=0.001) and anxiety(${\beta}=-0.273$, p=0.009), after controlling for age, education, and comorbidity. In addition, poorer attention was also significantly related with depression(${\beta}=-0.375$, p=0.023) and anxiety (${\beta}=-0.404$, p=0.013). Conclusions : The results of this study showed the discrepancies between subjective complaints and objective measures of cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. It suggests that subjective cognitive decline could be indicators of psychological distress such as depression and anxiety.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.23
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• pp.109-131
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• 2010

This research analyzed how the new and senior security guards employed privately are influenced on their task performance by the factors operated before task performance: cognitive state anxiety, physical state anxiety and state confidence which are the sub-factors of the Competitive State Anxiety(CSAI-II) according to the educational background, career, gender and athletic capacity. First, as for the new and senior security guards' state anxiety before task performance, the senior guards felt the cognitive anxiety more than the new guards, but there was not a distinct difference statistically. Therefore, it is estimated that there is little difference in the level of cognitive anxiety between the new security guards with insufficient career and the seniors. Second, the level of the physical state anxiety was shown higher from the senior guards than from the new ones and had a distinct difference. However, it seems to be derived from the extent of physical development as the seniors are at the time of vigorous physical development. Third, the level of state anxiety had no distinct difference between them statistically though the new security guards felt it higher than the seniors. Fourth, the state confidence was shown higher from the seniors than from the new and had a distinct difference statistically, also. Fifth, as for gender, the male and female guards did not have a difference so much in the cognitive and physical state anxiety, and state confidence. Sixth, as a whole, the state anxiety was highest as for the security guards with athletic capacity level 1 and 2. Those with the level 2, and 3 and the level above 7 felt it less than those with the level 5-6, which had a distinct difference in statistics. The manager of the new and senior security guards should make them dispel anxiety in piece of mind through physical and mental education encouraging them to have self-confidence, practical training, and psychological training based on the analysis of causes of various cases.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 2017

Objective : We have explored the relationship between suicidal ideation and some very specific characteristics of the symptoms of depression and anxiety in Korean employees. Methods : During the period 2013 through 2014, 100,793 employees who visited the Health Screening Center were asked to complete questionnaires, including the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression scale (CSE-D), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the presence of suicidal ideation. We attempted to determine which specific subscale, of each the CES-D and BAI would be more closely related to suicidal ideation by different gender and age by logistic regression. Results : Depression has been found to be a more prevalent and predominant factor in suicidal ideation, when compared to the presence of the condition of anxiety. Of four subscales of CES-D, issues arising from interpersonal relationships were most often associated with suicidal ideation, regardless of the chronologic age or gender of the subject. In BAI, cognitive anxiety showed a more significant association with suicidal ideation than did somatic anxiety in our study participants, showing same pattern in different gender and age groups. Conclusions : Among subscales of CES-D and BAI, the interpersonal relationship in CES-D and cognitive anxiety in BAI showed a higher and more significant association with suicidal ideation in Korean employees.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1063-1067
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• 2015

Background: Tumor associated fatigue (TAF) or cancer related fatigue (CRF) is not a new concept. Nonetheless, no real headway has been made in the quantitative analysis of its successful treatment via cognitive behavioral therapy. Since 20 to 30% of all breast cancer patients suffer from anxiety and/or depression within the first year of their diagnosis, this issue needs to be addressed and a standard treatment protocol has to be developed. This study focused on developing a simple, reproducible and short (8 weeks) protocol for the cognitive behavioral therapy support of tumor associated fatigue patients. Materials and Methods: Between the year 2011 and 2012, 23 breast cancer patients fulfilled the diagnosis TAF requirements and were introduced into this study. Our method focused on a psycho-oncological support group using a predetermined, highly structured and reproducible, cognitive behavioral therapy treatment manual. Eight weekly, 90 minute sessions were conducted and patients were evaluated before and after this eight session block. Tumor fatigue specific questionnaires such as the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) as well as the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used in order to quantitatively evaluate patient TAF. Results: Of the 23 patients enrolled in the study, only 7 patients fulfilled the TAF diagnostic criteria after the psycho-oncological group treatment. This represents a 70% reduction in diagnosable tumor associated fatigue. The HADS analysis showed a 33% reduction in patient anxiety as well as a 57% reduction in patient depression levels. The MFI scores showed a significant reduction in 4 of the 5 evaluate categories. With the exception of the "mental fatigue" MFI category all results were statistically significant. Conclusions: This study showed that a highly structured, cognitive behavioral therapy group intervention will produce significant improvements in breast cancer patient tumor associated fatigue levels after only 8 weeks.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the deficits in executive function in children with ADHD and anxiety disorder, and further, to characterize executive function deficits among the two groups. Methods : Subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 5 and 14 (16 Normal, 24 ADHD, 20 Anxiety Disorder). Neuropsychological tests (KEDI-WISC, CCTT, STROOP, WCST, ROCF) for assessing cognitive and executive function were individually administered to all subjects. Results : There were no significant differences in FSIQ or PIQ among the three groups. However, the ADHD group tended to score lower on the VIQ and subtest of similarity, vocabulary, and digit span tests. The three groups did not significantly differ with respect to CCTT test results. On the STROOP test, the ADHD group showed poor performance on the word, color, and color-word subtests. The three groups did not exhibit significant differences in WCST test results ; however, the anxiety group performed poorly belonging to below 25 percentile rank on perseverative response. On the ROCF test, the ADHD group performed poorly with respect to their organization score and in particular, regarding copy and immediate recall. The anxiety group also performed poorly with regard to organization ; however, this was limited only to immediate recall. Conclusion : Children with ADHD displayed poor inhibition and organizational abilities compared to children with anxiety and normal controls. Further, children with anxiety disorder exhibited low cognitive flexibility and voluntary problem-solving abilities compared to ADHD children and normal controls. Based on these results, we suggest that the characteristics of executive dysfunction in ADHD and anxiety disorder in children are different.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.507-517
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• 2015

The bark of Magnolia officinalis has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat a variety of mental disorders including anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of M. officinalis ethanol extract on stress-induced alterations in learning and cognitive function using a passive avoidance test (PAT) and also on anxiety-related behavior using the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) in female rats . The degree of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the region of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the locus coeruleus (LC) was measured using an immunohistochemical method. Corticosterone concentrations in serum were also measured. The ethanol extract from Magnolia officinalis was orally administered to female rats 30 minutes before evaluating their immobilization stress and anxiety-related behavior using an elevated plus-maze test and a passive avoidance test. Time spent in the open arms of the EPM increased in the M. officinalis-treated group compared with that of the saline-treated control group. In the passive avoidance test, the memory and cognitive function improved in the M. officinalis extract-treated group. M. officinalis extracts reduced elevated corticosterone concentrations in serum. Also, stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the M. officinalis extract-treated group in the LC and the VTA region. These results suggest that M. officinalis might prove to be an effective anxiolytic anti-stress agent.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-220
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• 2013

The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between psychological factors (i.e. math anxiety, attention, attitude, Working Memory Capacity (WMC), and Field dependency) and students' mathematics problem solving based on Revised Bloom Taxonomy. A sample of 169 K11 school girls were tested on (1) The Witkin's cognitive style (Group Embedded Figure Test). (2) Digit Span Backwards Test. (3) Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS). (4) Modified Fennema-Sherman Attitude Scales. (5) Mathematics Attention Test (MAT), and (6) Mathematics questions based on Revised Bloom Taxonomy (RBT). Results obtained indicate that the effect of these items on students mathematical problem solving is different in each cognitive process and level of knowledge dimension.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.47-62
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to explore the antecedent factors to the piracy of the digital copyrights in order to provide basic data for piracy prevention policy. The findings of study revealed that most respondents had experiences to copy MP3 files illegally. And many respondents answered they didn't copy pirated material by themselves but others did piracy a lot. The feeling of quilt and anxiety against piracy is shown very low level. Low copy cost and regulation level significantly impact upon the cognitive level of other's piracy. Updated contents, the higher price of authenticated materal, piracy regulation are the significant antecedent factors to the level of piracy. The level of piracy activity and anxiety against piracy are significantly different by age. The cognitive level of other's piracy, piracy activity and anxiety are significantly different by gender.