• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.585-595
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors of burnout among informal caregivers of older adults. One hundred thirty seven caregivers who had provided care to older adults over 60 years of age for more than one month were included in the study. Most of the caregivers were white (91%) and female (78%). Mean ages of the caregivers were 64 years and 78% of them were married. Seventy percent of the older adults suffered from Alzheimer and related disease. In this study, caregivers reported that they experienced burnout once a month. The scores of emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment of the caregivers were in the moderate burnout range. To examine the predictors of burnout, discriminant analysis was used. Caregivers were divided by two groups based on the sum of scores (cutpoint＝6) on three dimensions of burnout after each dimension was categorized into high(3), moderate(2), and low(1). Nine predictors were included in the analysis : Caregiver's age, employment status, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) of the older adult, presence of dementia of the older adult, caregiver's empathy toward the older adult (emotional and cognitive), and 3 coping strategies (negative, problem-focused, cognitive reconstructioning). Caregivers who reported high burnout showed higher cognitive empathy toward the older adults than those who showed low burnout. Caregivers who experienced high burnout used negative coping more often, and cognitive reconstructioning coping and problem focused coping less often than their counterparts. Wilks' Lambda was .78 indicating that differences between the two groups were significant. Cognitive empathy and cognitive reconstructioning coping showed high standardized canonical discriminat function coefficients over .40. Discriminant function with 9 predictors correctly classified 71% of the sample. In conclusion, informal caregivers also experienced certain level of burnout. Cognitive empathy and coping strategies predicted burnout experience of the caregivers. Based on this study, nursing intervention to the informal caregivers to improve their cognitive empathy toward the older adults and to modify their coping strategies in a way to reduce burnout experience can be applied. Further research to develop effective nursing interventions for the purpose of reducing burnout experience by modifying predictors was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean neurological association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2018

Background: Although orthostatic hypotension (OH) and cognitive impairment (CI) are common non- motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), the relationship between OH and CI remains to be clarified. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between OH and CI in PD. Methods: We recruited 192 patients who were diagnosed as PD based on the UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. The Hoehn & Yahr stages were ranged I to III and patients underwent extensive clinical evaluation, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH), tilt table test, the Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessments and the Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination in one month from the first clinic visit. The participants were divided into two groups according to the presence of OH (OH+ vs. OH-) and cognitive function (cognitive normal, CN vs. CI), respectively. Results: Significant relationship between OH and cognitive function (p=0.04) was found in our patients. The patients with OH+ had higher risk of CI by 2.6 times than that of OH- patients. Maximum heart rate change during tilt table test was correlated with cognitive function and white matter changes, whereas blood pressure change during tilt table test showed no correlation with those parameters. Conclusions: There was significant relationship between OH and CI in PD. Therefore, PD patients with either symptom may need periodic evaluation and proper management for OH and cognitive functions.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.277-302
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• 2014

This paper aims at providing a critical review of Alva Noe's enactive theory of perception. The discussion will be organized around the three issues: (i) Does the body make an ineliminable contribution to shaping the mind? (ii) Does Noe succeed in providing effective arguments against the brain-centrism? (iii) Does Noe's theory give a satisfactory explanation of how we can perceive external objects? In the sections 2 and 3 of the paper, I discuss possible criticisms that can be raised against Noe with regard to (i) and (ii). Although these are serious criticisms, they apply to the embodied cognition in general. That is, those criticisms are not restricted to Noe's theory. In order to understand the core aspect of Noe's theory, we need to pay attention to "the problem of perceptual presence" that is brought up in (iii). It is here that Noe's theory is supposed to make a distinct contribution to the discussion about the nature of perception. I argue, however, in the section 4 that Noe's theory fails to provide a satisfactory explanation of perceptual presence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.369-379
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop the Nurse Presence Scale and to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Method: The subjects verifying the scale's reliability and validity were adult patients being treated in three artificial kidney unit in Pusan and Taegu from August 1 to October 15, 2000. The data was analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 8.0 program. Result: A factor analysis and was conducted items that had a factor loading more than .40, and an eigen value more than 1.0 were seleclted. The factor analysis classified a total of seven factors statistically, but the seventh factor was excluded because community was less than 4%. Therefore, there were six factors, and its communality was 62%. The explanation of domain and factors based on the conceptual framework and item content are as follows: The first factor was 'interaction' in emotional areas, the second domain was 'empathy' in cognitive areas, the third was 'attention' in emotional areas, the fourth was 'openness' in emotional areas, the fifth was 'sensitivity' in behavioral areas, and the sixth was 'physical assist' in behavioral areas. Cronbach's α coefficient to test reliability of the scale was .9766 for a total 49 items. Conclusion: The Scale for Nurse Presence developed in the study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be effectively utilized for the evaluation of nurse presence in clinical settings.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39B no.11
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• pp.803-809
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate physical layer security in a cooperative cognitive radio networks (CRN) with a relay selection in the presence of a primary user and an eavesdropper. To protect the CRN from wiretapping by the eavesdropper, we propose employing an opportunistic relay selection scheme and multiple antennas at the destination that work based on the availability of channel state information at the receivers. Under these configurations, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability of the CRN, and also derive an asymptotic probability. Numerical results will be presented to verify the analysis.

• Journal of Smart Tourism
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.7-16
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• 2021

Promotional videos have been increasingly adopted in social media marketing. Given that video production incurs high costs, evaluating the effectiveness of promotional videos is necessary. This research examines the effect of promotional video on visit intention through affective and cognitive destination images, respectively. Furthermore, grounded in the theoretical reasoning of social ties and persuasive intent, the effects of promotional videos disseminated by different sources (i.e., unknown users, friends, and marketers) are compared. Two experimental studies were carried out with 200 participants in Study 1 and 243 participants in Study 2. Study 1 revealed that the presence of promotional video induces visit intention through affective and cognitive destination images. Study 2 found that promotional videos disseminated by friends (versus unknown users) are more effective to induce visit intention because of positive cognitive destination image, while the video effects are indifferent between marketers and users. Meaningful implications are provided for destination marketers.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to comprehend the characteristics of Korean medicine patterns in relation to varying degrees of cognitive impairment in an elderly population. Methods: The dataset included 127 elderly individuals with cognitive impairment obtained from three Korean medicine hospitals between 2018 and 2021. The participants were categorized into two groups based on Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) scores: those with questionable impairment (QI) and those with very mild dementia (VMD). A diagnostic framework for Korean medicine patterns encompassing Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, Phlegm dampness, and Heat-fire was employed. Liver blood markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the AST/ALT ratio, were also analyzed. Results: The scores of the cognitive assessment tools (MoCA-K, MMSE-DS, and K-IADL) of the QI group significantly differed from those of the VMD group. CDR-SB exhibited a positive correlation with the scores of each pattern of Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, Phlegm dampness, and Heat-fire, whereas ALT and AST values displayed negative correlations. Binomial logistic analysis, controlling for potential confounders, such as age, education years, body mass index, the presence of chronic disease, and the presence of medication, verified that the VMD group showed higher pattern scores and lower ALT and AST values than the QI group. Conclusions: Increases in pattern scores along with decreased AST and ALT levels might be indicative of more severe cognitive impairment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1402-1408
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of self-care in elders with dementia through a review of nursing literature and to provide more understanding of the definition and perspectives of the concept of self-care notion in elders with dementia. Methods: The technique developed by Walker and Avant was used as a guide in analyzing the concept of self-care. Results: Attributes of self-care in dementia may include a single or group of actions needed for sustaining life, a personal effort to maintain functional independence while minimizing other's assistance, an outcome behavior from the person's interaction with inter-personal and/or contextual environment, and a functional ability that may decline in parallel to cognitive impairment. Antecedents of self-care in dementia may include at least presence of a certain degree of cognitive appraisal for the self-care needs, self-willingness for the self-care action, spatial and visual orientation, cultural pre-conception of the self-care behavior, presence of environmental context/equipment available for self-care, and sufficient time available. The consequences may include sustaining of life, feel of satisfaction, achieving independence, extended life expectancy, increased self-confidence, decreased caregiver distress and/or burden, savings in health care costs. Discussion: Defining attributes and antecedents and consequences of self-care in dementia identified in this study provided empirical ground of a middle-range theory of self-care for a clinical population with dementia and generated possible hypotheses to be tested in future studies.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.15-29
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• 2012

In order to predict satisfaction and performance of sensible healthcare game using motion recognition sensor, this study analyzed the effects of flow, presence and social cognitive factor and then, it attempted to verify structural relationships thereof. Self-efficacy, being a social cognitive factor, was found to affect the level of functional satisfaction of health game but it showed no direct effect to intention of using game. Flow experience was also observed to be a meaningful predictor for the level of functional and entertainment satisfaction in the direction hypothesized. It is also shown that presence exerts a direct effect on functional satisfaction. Finally, it is discovered that functional satisfaction has meaningful influence on entertainment satisfaction as well as future intention to use. The results verifies that even in sensible healthcare game, user experience and social cognitive factor have significant effects on satisfaction and performance of a serious game.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.265-272
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• 2018

This study is a descriptive study to investigate the factors influencing the level of cognitive function among elderly living alone according to the presence of dementia risk factors. We conducted a simple questionnaire, GDS-K and MMSE-DS tests to investigate the risk of dementia among 143 elderly people living alone in the community. The results showed that the major factors influencing the cognitive function of the elderly people living alone were education, age, depression status, smoking, leisure activities, and gender. In order to develop strategies for the prevention of dementia in the elderly people living alone, it is necessary to change lifestyle and provide various management methods to identify risk factors that negatively affect cognitive function and to help cognitive health.