• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.7-25
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of dual-task training on stroke patients. Methods : We searched the databases such as NDSL, RISS, PubMed, CoChrane and EMBASE for publications in the past decade. Finally, 10 papers were selected. Qualitative assessment was performed according to the traditional single-layer evidence model, and meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta Analysis 3.0 program. Results : The quality level of each of the 10 selected papers all correspond to I and II in the traditional single-layer evidence model. The motor tasks that constitute dual-task training comprised walking or balancing tasks in 7 articles and the motor tasks related to upper extremity were selected in 3 studies. The effect sizes for ADL function and Cognitive function were 0.65 and 0.64 (medium size effect) respectively. Moreover, the effect sizes of Lower extremity and Upper extremity motor function were 0.34 and 0.22 (small size effect) respectively. The effect size of ADL function and Cognitive function were statistically significant p<0.05). Conclusion : This study confirmed that dual-ask training can be a useful intervention technique for recovering a stroke patient's ability to perform daily activities and cognitive functions. This could be used as a helpful data when selecting appropriate intervention for stroke patients in the clinical setting.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.760-774
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristic of the linguistic interaction according to leadership type of the leader in the scientific inquiry activity groups and examine how leadership factors affect the linguistic interaction within a group. In this investigation, leaders among 12 elementary school students were chosen by considering results of the leadership diagnosis that tested 3 leadership factors: vision and promotion, assignment responsibility, and decision-making. The members of the groups were organized according to scientific inquiry ability and academic achievement; the groups were assigned to perform scientific inquiry activities. The linguistic interaction was largely divided into the cognitive domain and the affective domain for analysis. According to the results, the frequency of linguistic interaction within a group sorted by leadership type is more influenced by the cognitive domain than the affective domain. The highest frequency of linguistic interaction appeared within the group that had vision and promotion type leader. Assumedly, the vision and confidence of the vision and promotion type leader produced such an outcome. While solving the assignments, linguistic interaction in all three groups had more cognitive domain than affected domain. Linguistic interaction in cognitive domain displayed only low level of linguistic interaction in relation to the experiment itself: high level of linguistic interaction barely occurred. In the case of affected domain, active participation appeared more frequently than maintaining the mood: Interactions related to restricting the group members actions to solve the assignment appeared more frequently than those for maintaining the mood.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2020

Intelligent systems(i.e., artificial intelligence), particularly deep learning, are machines able to mimic the cognitive functions of humans to perform tasks of problem-solving and learning. This field deals with computational models that can think and act intelligently, like the human brain, and construct algorithms that can learn from data to make predictions. Artificial intelligence is becoming important in radiology due to its ability to detect abnormalities in radiographic images that are unnoticed by the naked human eye. These systems have reduced radiologists' workload by rapidly recording and presenting data, and thereby monitoring the treatment response with a reduced risk of cognitive bias. Intelligent systems have an important role to play and could be used by dentists as an adjunct to other imaging modalities in making appropriate diagnoses and treatment plans. In the field of maxillofacial radiology, these systems have shown promise for the interpretation of complex images, accurate localization of landmarks, characterization of bone architecture, estimation of oral cancer risk, and the assessment of metastatic lymph nodes, periapical pathologies, and maxillary sinus pathologies. This review discusses the clinical applications and scope of intelligent systems such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning programs in maxillofacial imaging.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.134-139
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• 2017

Objective: Dual-task interference is defined as decrements in performance observed when people attempt to perform two tasks concurrently, such as a verbal task and walking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of gait ability according to the dual task interference in chronic stroke survivors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Ten chronic stroke survivors (9 male, 1 female; mean age, 55.30 years; mini mental state examination, 19.60; onset duration, 56.90 months) recruited from the local community participated in this study. Gait ability (velocity, paretic side step, and stride time and length) under the single- and dual-task conditions at a self-selected comfortable walking speed was measured using the motion analysis system. In the dual task conditions, subjects performed three types of cognitive tasks (controlled oral word association test, auditory clock test, and counting backwards) while walking on the track. Results: For velocity, step and stride length, there was a significant decrease in the dual-task walking condition compared to the single walking condition (p<0.05). In particular, higher reduction of walking ability was observed when applying the counting backward task. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the addition of cognitive tasks while walking may lead to decrements of gait ability in stroke survivors. In particular, the difficulty level was the highest for the calculating task. We believe that these results provide basic information for improvements in gait ability and may be useful in gait training to prevent falls after a stroke incident.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 1997

A lot of educators claim that the open education should be performed in elementary classroom, but it is true that they do not suggest the specific direction of practicing open education in case of mathematics subject. Although a project lesson is recommended, there is little case that suggests the direction of practice and the evaluation method of project lesson. Therefore this study searchs for the possibility of practicing open education in elementary mathematics classroom by reviewing the portfolio assessment and suggesting the specific case of applying the portfolio assessment to project lesson. A portfolio is a folder in which is recording solution process, student's self reflection, and teacher's comment, about topics and problems more than one. Students can see their own varying aspects and recognize their own merits and demerits, sincerities, and potentialities by portfolio assessment. Futheremore, teacher can both grasp the student's cognitive situation and give them the professional advice about the cognitive development. That is, they can perform the instruction underlining the learner's ability and personality, by identifying what Vygotsky calls 'the proximal zone of development' through portfolio assessment. Consequently, portfolio assessment is an alternative evaluation method for integrating process and product of learning, and can be used as an important tool for developing the learner's potential possibility of self-realization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.248-253
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• 2015

In order to adapt to human's life and perform missions, a humanoid robot needs a height at least similar with children's. In this paper, we proposed a humanoid robot which is like a child who is taller than 1m. We presented showing the humanoid robot's kinematics, designing of a three-dimensional model, developing mechanisms, and the hardware structures using servo motors and compact size PC. Through this process, we designed and manufactured child humanoid robot 'CHARLES(Cognitive Humanoid Autonomous Robot with Learning and Evolutionary Systems)' that is robot is 1m 10cm tall and 8.16kg in weight. For robot's walking, we applied to ZMP-based walking technique and the creation algorithm is applied for walking patterns. Through experiments, we analyzed walking patterns according to the creation and changing parameter values.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.553-562
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• 2013

This study was performed to develop cold-heat and deficiency-excess pattern identification for dementia, as well as for standard Korean medicine diagnosis and treatment. Five experts comprised of 4 neuropsychiatrists of Korean medicine and 1 statistician to develop cold-heat and deficiency-excess pattern identification for dementia. We searched studies about pattern identification and selected 507 articles using Oasis search terms provided by the KIOM. As a result, 10 pattern identification research study were recruited. Moreover, we analyzed neuropsychological assessments for dementia that evaluate Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and cognitive function using experts conferences and we selected neuropsychological instruments using pattern identification. Six cold patterns, six heat patterns, ten deficiency patterns, and four excess patterns were identified according to the cold-heat and deficiency-excess pattern identification of dementia. We selected the Caregiver-Administered Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination as neuropsychological assessments of dementia, which examine behavioral symptoms and cognitive function, suspectively. We formed positive and negative correlation between Korean medicine pattern identification and neuropsychological assessments for dementia. We developed and suggested a forecast module of pattern identification for dementia. But, it is necessary to perform additional clinical trials to verify its validity and accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2005

This paper proposes an improved system for recognizing facial expressions in various internal states that is illumination-invariant and without detectable rue such as a neutral expression. As a preprocessing to extract the facial expression information, a whitening step was applied. The whitening step indicates that the mean of the images is set to zero and the variances are equalized as unit variances, which reduces murk of the variability due to lightening. After the whitening step, we used the facial expression information based on principal component analysis(PCA) representation excluded the first 1 principle component. Therefore, it is possible to extract the features in the lariat expression images without detectable cue of neutral expression from the experimental results, we ran also implement the various and natural facial expression recognition because we perform the facial expression recognition based on dimension model of internal states on the images selected randomly in the various facial expression images corresponding to 83 internal emotional states.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to develop and evaluate a drug dosage calculation training program using cognitive loading theory based on a smartphone application. Calculation ability, dosage calculation related self-efficacy and anxiety were measured. Methods: A nonequivalent control group design was used. Smartphone application and a handout for self-study were developed and administered to the experimental group and only a handout was provided for control group. Intervention period was 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS 18.0. Results: The experimental group showed more 'self-efficacy for drug dosage calculation' than the control group (t=3.82, p<.001). Experimental group students had higher ability to perform drug dosage calculations than control group students (t=3.98, p<.001), with regard to 'metric conversion' (t=2.25, p =.027), 'table dosage calculation' (t=2.20, p =.031) and 'drop rate calculation' (t=4.60, p<.001). There was no difference in improvement in 'anxiety for drug dosage calculation'. Mean satisfaction score for the program was 86.1. Conclusion: These results indicate that this drug dosage calculation training program using smartphone application is effective in improving dosage calculation related self-efficacy and calculation ability. Further study should be done to develop additional interventions for reducing anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2008

Objectives : Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) has been primarily associated with emotional problems. Recently, however, the impact of PTSD on cognitive processes has interested a growing number of researchers. The current study is aimed at investigating the cognitive aspects of PTSD at both behavioral and neurological levels. Methods : We recruited individuals with PTSD who survived the Daegu subway explosion in 2003 as well as non-PTSD individuals as a control group. To evaluate the inhibitory processes and the neural mechanisms, we had these individuals perform the negative priming task simultaneously with functional MRI scanning. Results : Behaviorally, the negative priming effect was intact in the control group but was not evident in the PTSD group. In the imaging results, only the PTSD group showed the negative priming effect (i.e., increased activation of the negative priming condition as opposed to the neutral condition) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior temporal gyrus. The PTSD group also showed increased activity for the positive priming condition as opposed to the neutral condition in the claustrum. These results confirm and extend the previous findings that the integrity of the ACC is compromised in the trauma survivors due to disrupted white matter tract. Conclusions : The current results suggest that deteriorated performance of the PTSD group may be due to the functional problem as well as the structural abnormalities.