• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as "Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung." Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported. Methods: Experiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed. Results: We found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Conclusion: Administration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2009

Purpose: The hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used in the treatment of dyslipidemia for the lowering of cholesterol. And studies about simvastatins have been shown to enhance bone formation in vitro and in vivo in rodents. But some other researchers have reported that there was no anabolic effect abouts simvastatins on bone. The peripheral distribution beyond the liver represents a small fraction of an orally administered dose. We hypothesize that this poor peripheral distribution is the likely reason that simvastatins, yield ambiguous results as anabolic agents. We therefore investigated whether the effects of simvastatins on bone may be enhanced by subcutaneous administration, providing better peripheral delivery of these drugs. Methods: 36 rat unilaterally mandible fractured models were prepared and divided into two groups. The simvastatin treated group where 1 mg/kg of simvastatin was daily injected subcutaneously. The same dose of normal saline was injected on the control group. And 3 rats in each group were sacrificed and taken bone samples in each week. Bone sample was evaluated with tensile strength and histological morphology after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Results: In simvastatin treated group, the fracture healing process, chondrocyte aggregation, collagen formation and trabecular bone formation was rapidly proceeded than the control group in histologically. The tensile strength of the simvastatin treated group was 1.02, 2.25, 3.95, 4.42, 5.49 and $6.00N/mm^2$ by weeks. The control group data was 0.60, 1.05, 2.17, 3.75, 4.15 and $5.17N/mm^2$ by weeks. The average tensile strength was higher by $1.04N/mm^2$ in simvastatin treated group. Conclusion: The currently available data on the effects of simvastatin on bone has done to confirm the finding that simvastatin helps fracture healing. And the potential for simvastatin to be used as anabolic agents for bone when delivered by the subcutaneous route.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2016

폴리페놀 성분은 심혈관질환에서 좋은 효과를 나타낸다고 보고되고 있다. 폴리페놀성 화합물인 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산은 항산화 활성과 항암 활성을 나타낸다고 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산이 항동맥 경화 효과를 나타내는지를 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼에서 평가하는 것이다. 8주동안 고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여한 대조그룹 토끼의 광범위한 동맥 부위에서 동맥경화 초기병변이 형성되었다. 반면에 고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여하면서 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산을 투여한 토끼에서는 대조 그룹의 토끼에 비해 동맥경화 병변 형성이 감소하였고, 병변 내로 침윤한 대식세포의 양도 감소하였다. 이러한 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산의 효과에서 전신적으로나 국부적으로 독성이 관찰되지 않았다. 간의 아실-코엔자임 A: 콜레스테롤 아실트렌스페라제 활성이 고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여하면서 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산을 투여한 토끼에서 대조 그룹의 토끼에 비해 22% 감소하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 3,4-다이하이드록시 하이드로시나믹산이 토끼에서 아실-코엔자임 A: 콜레스테롤 아실트렌스페라제를 억제함으로써 항동맥경화 효과를 나타낸다는 것을 증명해 준다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2011

DSG에 몰로키아 분말을 첨가하여 발효시킨 발효물이 콜레스테롤 개선효과를 가지는지 in vitro 및 in vivo에서 살펴보았다. B. subtilis NUC1균주로 발효한 탈지대두 grits 발효물인 FD와 탈지 대두 grit에 몰로키아를 5, 10%로 각각 첨가하여 발효한 FDC군의 콜레스테롤 흡착능을 살펴본 결과, 모든 군에서 70% 이상의 흡착능을 보였다. HepG2 세포를 이용한 apo-AI, apo-CIII의 분비능 측정에서는 FD군에 비해 몰로키아를 첨가한 FDC군에서 더 우수한 개선효과를 보였다. 한편 FDC가 고지방식이를 급여한 흰쥐의체내 콜레스테롤 개선에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자, 기본식이군(Con), 고지방식이군(HF) 그리고 고지방식이와 FD첨가군(HFFD), 고지방식이와 FDC 첨가군(HF-FDC)으로 나누어 4주간 사육하였다. 그 결과, 혈장 내 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량, 그리고 간 조직 내의 총콜레스테롤 및 중성지질 함량은 HF군에서 증가하였다가 HF-FDC 첨가군에서 유의적으로 감소하였고, 분변 내의 콜레스테롤 및 중성지질 배설량은 FDC 투여로 인해서 HF군에 비해 증가하였다. 또한 간내 HMG-CoA reductase 활성은 HF군에서 증가되었다가, HF-FDC첨가군에서 유의성 있게 감소되었다. 따라서 FDC는 콜레스테롤 흡착 및 조절능을 가지며, 그리고 혈중 콜레스테롤 함량, 조직 내의 지질 및 콜레스테롤 축적을 감소시켜 체내 콜레스테롤 개선에 효과적인 것으로 생각된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.13-31
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• 2016

Objectives In this study, it was investigated whether Gami-Handayeolso-Tang (HDYST) medication has anti-obesity effects in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. Methods The experimental animals were divided into five groups-normal diet-fed (ND), high fat diet-fed control (HFD), HFD+HDYST 150, HFD+HDYST 300, and HFD+orlistat as a positive drug. The obese markers such as body weight, diet efficiency ratio, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipid contents, leptin, adiponectin, and GOT/GPT were measured. Also, white adipose tissue, liver weight, abdominal fat mass, hepatic lipid contents, and mRNA expression of obese-associating genes were examined in obese mice. Results In high fat diet-fed mice, HDYST administration significantly decreased body weight, diet efficiency ratio, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, as well as leptin and GOT/GPT, compared to the HFD group in a dose-dependent manner. HDYST increased significantly the serum levels of HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. It also reduced the accumulation of lipids, such as total lipid and triglycerides, in organs such as liver and abdominal adipose tissue. Moreover, HDYST administration significantly decreased the expression levels of fatty acid synthetic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), FAS and Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), in the liver tissues, while it increased the messenger RAN (mRNA) levels of fatty acid catalytic genes, such as Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-${\alpha}$), acyl-COA oxidase (ACO), and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (CPT-1a). Conclusions Based on the results above, HDYST reveals anti-obesity effects declining body fat accumulation through the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and leptin/adiponectin serum levels. It therefore suggests that HDYST can be clinically useful for the treatment of obesity.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1210-1223
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• 2018

Background/Aims: The co-occurrence of obesity aggravates asthma symptoms. Diet-induced obesity increases helper T cell (TH) 17 cell differentiation in adipose tissue and the spleen. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin can potentially be used to treat asthma in obese patients by inhibiting interleukin 17 (IL-17) expression. This study investigated the combined effects of pravastatin and anti-IL-17 antibody treatment on allergic inflammation in a mouse model of obesity-related asthma. Methods: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was induced in C57BL/6 mice with or without ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge. Mice were administered the anti-IL-17 antibody, pravastatin, or both, and pathophysiological and immunological responses were analyzed. Results: HFD exacerbated allergic airway inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HFD-OVA mice as compared to OVA mice. Blockading of the IL-17 in the HFD-OVA mice decreased airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation compared to the HFD-OVA mice. Moreover, the administration of the anti-IL-17 antibody decreased the leptin/adiponectin ratio in the HFD-OVA but not the OVA mice. Co-administration of pravastatin and anti-IL-17 inhibited airway inflammation and AHR, decreased goblet cell numbers, and increased adipokine levels in obese asthmatic mice. Conclusions: These results suggest that the IL-17-leptin/adiponectin axis plays a key role in airway inflammation in obesity-related asthma. Our findings suggest a potential new treatment for IL-17 as a target that may benefit obesity-related asthma patients who respond poorly to typical asthma medications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.404-412
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• 2016

We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipogenic gene expression and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression in subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissues of feedlot steers. Eighteen Angus and Angus crossbred steers were assigned to three groups of 6 steers and fed a basal diet (control), with 3% palm oil, or with 3% soybean oil, for 70 d, top-dressed daily. Tailhead s.c. adipose tissue was obtained by biopsy at 14 d before the initiation of dietary treatments and at 35 d of dietary treatments. At slaughter, after 70 d of dietary treatment, tailhead s.c. adipose tissue and i.m. adipose tissue were obtained from the longissimus thoracis muscle. Palm oil increased plasma palmitic acid and soybean oil increased plasma linoleic acid and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid relative to the initial sampling time. Expression of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha ($AMPK{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) increased between the initial and intermediate biopsies and declined thereafter (p<0.03). SCD gene expression did not change between the initial and intermediate biopsies but declined by over 75% by the final period (p = 0.04), and G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) gene expression was unaffected by diet or time on trial. Soybean oil decreased (p = 0.01) $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene expression at the intermediate sample time. At the terminal sample time, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and SCD gene expression was less in i.m. adipose tissue than in s.c. adipose tissue (p<0.05). $AMPK{\alpha}$ gene expression was less in s.c. adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in control steers (p = 0.04) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein-beta ($CEBP{\beta}$) gene expression was less in s.c. and i.m. adipose tissues of palm oil-fed steers than in soybean oil-fed steers (p<0.03). Soybean oil decreased SCD gene expression in s.c. adipose tissue (p = 0.05); SCD gene expression in palm oil-fed steers was intermediate between control and soybean oil-fed steers. Contrary to our original hypothesis, palm oil did not promote adipogenic gene expression in s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.964-971
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• 2019

간의 지질 축적과 인슐린 저항성은 비알콜성 지방간 환자에게서 증가한다. Piperine은 후추(Piper nigrum)와 필발(인도산 후추, P. longum)의 주요 성분으로 항암, 항비만, 항 당뇨병, 항염증 및 항산화 등의 생리활성이 보고되었다. 그러나 piperine의 인간 간세포 HepG2 세포에서 지질 축적과 인슐린 저항성의 억제제로서의 연구는 보고된 바가 없다. 본 연구의 목적은 지질 축적 및 인슐린 저항성에 대한 piperine의 효과를 palmitate처리된 HepG2 세포에서 잠재적인 분자 기전을 밝히는 것이다. 그 결과 piperine처리군은 지질 함량을 감소시켰고, 지방 형성 표적 유전자인 SREBP-1c와 FAS의 발현을 억제함으로써 palmitate처리된 세포내 지질 축적을 감소시켰다. 게다가 piperine처리군은 지방산 산화에 관련된 CPT-1과 인산화된 ACC 및 인산화된 IRS-1 (Tyr632)와 Akt의 레벨을 증가시켰다. 또한, piperine처리군은 인산화된 IRS-1 (Ser307)의 레벨을 감소시켰다. 결론적으로 palmitate처리된 HepG2 세포에서 piperine은 SREBP-1와 FAS발현의 감소 및 CPT-1과 ACC 인산화의 증가 및 인산화된 IRS-1(Try632)와 Akt 신호전달 경로를 조절함으로써 지질 축적 및 인슐린 저항성을 개선함을 확인하였다. 따라서 piperine의 지질 축적 및 인슐린 저항성을 예방하는 약물로써 가능성이 제시되었다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.231-243
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• 2023

Objectives : Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum is used as a traditional or folk remedy in China to treat arthritis, hepatitis, duodenitis, conjunctivitis, gastritis, and diarrhea. In this study, we aimed to study the hepatocyte protective activity and molecular mechanism of Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum aqueous extract (JGW) using HepG2 hepatocyte cell lines. Methods : HepG2 cells were pretreated with diverse concentrations of JGW, and then the cells were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) for inducing oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, glutathione (GSH) concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell viability were measured to investigate hepato-protective effects of JGW. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and effects of compound C on cell viability were examined to observe the role of AMPK on JGW-mediated cytoprotection. Results : Pretreatment with JGW (10-300 ㎍/mL) significantly suppressed cytotoxicity induced by tBHP in a concentration dependent manner and reduced the expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 proteins related to apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In addition, pretreatment with JGW significantly prevented the increase in H₂O₂ production, GSH depletion, and lower MMP induced by tBHP. Treatment with JGW (30 minutes of incubation and concentrations of 100 and 300 ㎍/mL) increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC and treatment with compound C, a chemical inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited the cytoprotective effect of JGW. Conclusions : Our results demonstrated that JGW may protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress via activation of AMPK.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2016

멜라스 증후군은 사립체 질환 중의 하나로서, 증상발현 시기 및 임상 양상이 매우 다양하여 의심하지 않으면 진단이 늦어지는 경우가 있을 수 있다. 연구자들은 임상경과를 달리하는 두 증례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. 증례 1에서는 두통과 시야 흐림, 경련 등이, 증례 2에서는 성장장애, 난청, 시야 흐림, 경련 등이 초기 증상으로 나타났으며, 증례 1은 현재도 일상 생활이 가능한 정상적인 활동도를 보이는 반면에, 증례 2의 경우에는 심각한 뇌손상을 받은 후에 진단되어 예후가 불량하였다. 멜라스 증후군의 치료는 대증적으로 이루어지게 되며, 약물적인 치료 중 코엔자임 Q10, L-아르지닌 등을 사용하였을 때 성공적인 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 질환의 초기에는 비특이적인 경우가 많음으로 관심과 의심을 통하여 멜라스 증후군을 조기 진단하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있으며, 조기 진단과 적절한 교육 및 지지적인 치료를 통해 임상경과를 좋게 만들 수 있도록 노력하는 것이 예후에 중요하다고 할 수 있겠다.