• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2011

Cheonggukjang tablet was prepared by addition of medicinal herb extracts (from Lentinus edodes, Codonopsis lanceolata, or Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) to improve its quality and functional properties. Lightness and yellowness (measured using Hunter's color values) were generally increased with increasing amount of medicinal herb extracts, whereas pH decreased. In proximate composition, the levels of crude protein, lipid and fiber levels of Cheonggukjang tablet decreased with increasing amount of added medicinal herb extracts, whereas moisture and crude ash were increased. The major amino acid of Cheonggukjang tablet were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and the principal fatty acids of Cheonggukjang tablet were linolenic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid, respectively. Hardness levels of Cheonggukjang tablet decreased with increasing amounts of added medicinal herb extracts. The Cheonggukjang tablet added with medicinal herb extracts increased both crude saponin and quercetin contents. Sensory score of Cheonggukjang tablet containing 20% (w/v) medicinal herb extracts were optimal in terms of both quality characteristics and sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to survey the levels of heavy metals in perennial root vegetables and to assess dietary exposure and risk to the Korean population health.METHODS AND RESULTS: Perennial root vegetables (n=214) including Panax ginseng C.A mayer, Woodcultivated ginseng, Codonopsis lanceolata, and Platycodon granditloum were collected from markets or harvested from farmhouse in Korea. Lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd) and arsenic (As) analysis were performed with microwave device and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Limit of detection for heavy metals were 0.010~0.050 μg/kg, while limit of quantitation were 0.035~0.175 μg/kg. The recovery results were in the range of 76~102%. The average contents of heavy metals in perennial root vegetables were in the range of Pb 0.013(Panax ginseng C.A Mayer)~0.070 (Wood-cultivated ginseng) mg/kg, Cd 0.009(Panax ginseng C.A Mayer)~0.034(Codonopsis lanceolata) mg/kg, and As 0.002(Panax ginseng C.A Mayer)~0.004(Plafycodon grandiflorum) mg/kg, respectively. For risk assessment, daily intakes of heave metals were estimated and risk indices were calculated in comparison with reference dose. The dietary exposures of heavy metals through usual intake were Pb 0.070 μg/day, Cd 0.041 μg/day and As 0.008 μg/day, taking 0.03%, 0.08% and 0.0003% as risk indices, respectively.CONCLUSION: The risk level for Korean population exposed to heavy metals through intake of perennial root vegetables was far low, indicating of little possibility of concern.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1150-1156
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• 2011

Deoduk (Codonopsis lanceolata) root powder was added to traditional kochujang to improve the quality of traditional kochujang. The microbial characteristics, enzyme activities, and sensory characteristics were investigated during fermentation. The aerobic bacterial count in kochujang was not remarkabley different, and yeast and mold decreased during fermentation. Yeast and mold in the kochujang with 3 and 5% added deoduk root powder were 5 log scale at 8 weeks, whereas those in the control reached the same level at 6 weeks. ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-Amylase activity was at its highest level at 4 weeks during fermentation, and glucose and fructose contents showed the same results. The major free sugars in kochujang were glucose and fructose, and their contents increased rapidly at 2 weeks. Free sugar contents of kochujang with added deoduk was higher than that in the control. The sensory evaluation results showed that 1 and 3% deoduk kochujang had higher scores for taste and overall acceptance than those in the control. In particular, 1% deoduk kochujang had the highest scores.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from $d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ compared with that from ginseng. The peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid values were examined in order to estimate the antioxidant activity of the extract in soybean oil and lard. The antioxidant activity of the extract in soybean oil increased in the order of BHA$d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ cold extract(WDCE)$d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ reflux extract(WDRE)$d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ cold extract(CDCE)$d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ reflux extract(CDRE) $d\bar{o}d\bar{o}k$ showed significantly stronger antioxidant activity than that from ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2019

This study was conducted to select the optimal extraction method of codonopsis lanceolata saponin. To investigate the lancemasides content depending on each extraction method, various extractions were performed: reflux (methanol and butanol), hot water, as well as ultrasonic bath (40 kHz; continuous irradiation/interval irradiation) and ultrasonicator (20 kHz) extractions. From the result, the overall lancemasides content were the highest in ultrasonic bath (MeOH; continuous irradiation) extraction, followed by ultrasonic bath (water; continuous irradiation)>ultrasonic bath (MeOH; interval irradiation)>ultrasonicator (MeOH)>hot water>MeOH reflux>BuOH reflux extractions in that order. Sample drying method prior to ultrasonic bath extraction was more effective shade drying than freeze drying. Effective duration and temperature of extraction was 2 hr at $64^{\circ}C$. And ingredient change diverted from aster saponin Hb to lancemasides was identified by extraction condition such as extraction time and temperature.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to investigate the flora of Kyungpook National University Forests, which is located in Walme-Ri, Hyundong-Myon, Chungsong-Kun and at $128^{\circ}$ 59' $55^{\prime\prime}-129^{\circ}$ 01' 30"E longitude and $36^{\circ}$ 10' $30^{\prime\prime}-36^{\circ}$ 13' 00"N latitude. The results obtained can be summarized as follows; The kinds of the vascular plants identified are 298 which are composed of 79 families, 188 genera, 248 species, 1 subspecies, 46 varieties and 3 formae. Woody plants are composed of 39 families, 67 genera, 112 species, 7 varieties and 3 formae. The total number of woody plants listed are 122, tall trees of woody plants 50, shrubs 46 and winders 16, respectively. The kinds of edible plants listed are 118 such as Lithospermum erythrohizon, Codonopsis lanceolata and Aster scaber etc. Medical plants are listed as 48 kinds such as Schizandra chinensis, and A canthopanax sessiliflorus etc. Con Codonopsis Schizandra. It is the first time to report that the populations of Ulmusmacrocarpa, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Schizandra chinensis, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon are existed in this area.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 2005

Embryogenic callus was obtained from cotyledonary explants of Codonopsis lanceloata on Murashige & Skoog's medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Suspension cultures of the embryogenic calli were grown on a shaker at 100 strokes/min, and then the calli were subcultured for 2 weeks in 2,4-D-free medium to produce somatic embryo. In somatic embryos at the globular stage, cotyledon initials began to differentiate themselves in the near distal end of the procambial strand. Dicotyledons, tricotyledon, tetracotyledon and fused cotyledon were differentiated from the distal ends of two, three, four and circular procambial strands, respectively. Nearly circular procambial strand in lower hypocotyls were independently differentiated into two, three, four procambial tissues at cotyledonary node and cotyledons to form somatic embryos with dicotyledon, tricotyledon, tetracotyledon. If the distal subepidermal cells of globular embryo exclusively became cotyledon initials, the torpedo or cotyledonary embryo was characterized by somatic embryos with fused cotyledon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.983-988
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• 2009

To investigate the applicability of hot water extract from Codonoposis lanceolata (CL) and fermented Codonoposis lanceolata (FCL) as functional food and cosmeceutical material, its total phenolic contents, total flavonoids, electron donating ability (EDA), SOD-like activity, nitrate-scavenging ability (NSA), reducing power were examined. Total phenolic contents of CL and FCL were 0.54 mg/100 g and 2.79 mg/100 g, respectively, and total flavonoids contents were estimated as 2.26 mg/100 g for CL and 6.16 mg/100 g FCL. The EDA of CL and FCL were 8.0$\sim$17.9% and 32.9$\sim$74.9%. The SOD-like activities of CL and FCL were 0.6$\sim$16.5% and 3.5$\sim$21.6%, respectively, and the activity was dependent on the sample concentration. The NSA was pH dependent, and was the highest at pH 1.2 and the lowest at pH 6.0. The NSA of FCL was higher than that of CL. The FCL extract showed the highest reducing power (0.65) at the concentration of 1,000 $\mu g$/mL. Based on the above results, we deemed that the FCL might have potential antioxdant activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 1993

This study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding Platycodon grandiflorum, Codonopsis Ianceolata, perilla oil and safflower oil on the fatty acid composition in serum and liver of dietary hypercholesterolemic rats. Experimental groups mixed with 5% cellulose +10% lard (group 1, control group), 2% cholestyraemine +10% lard (group 2), 5% C. ianceolata+ 10% perilla oil (group 3), 5% P. grandiflorum＋10% perilla oil (group 4), 5% C. ianceolata+10% safflower oil (group 5) and 5% P. grandiflorum＋10% safflower oil (group 6) were administered to the male rats of the Sprague Dawley for 3 weeks. In the fatty arid compositions of serum total fatty arid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester, the linoleic acid content was most in the PUFA and it was major fatty acid. Particularly, the other components except the phospholipid fraction in serum lipids were influenced by the fatty acid composition of the test lipids from the fact that linoleic acid content was remarkably more in the groups 5 and 6. In the fatty arid compositions of liver total fatty acid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester, the linoleic acid content was more in the PUFA and so it was major fatty acid. Particularly, the arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents of phospholipid fraction in liver lipids were rather more. from the above research, fatty arid composition of serum and liver lipid components were influenced by the fatty acid composition of the test lipids from the fact that linoleic acid takes up the highest percentage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.808-811
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• 1988

Antithiamine activities of dried wild vegetables consumed in Korea were evaluated by means of the thiochrome fluorescence and Lactobacillus viridescens bioassay methods and compared with the phenolic content and the degree of browning of the samples. Eggplant, sweet Potato stalk, bracken, red pepper leaf, Aster scaber and mugwort had higher antithiamine activities than Codonopsis lanceolata, doraji, taro stalk, pumpkin, oak mushroom and acorn starch. Wild vegetables with high antithiamine activity tended to have a high phenolic content and degree of browning. It is recommended that wild vegetables should not be cooked with thiamine-rich foods and be eaten immediately after cooking in order to minimize the thiamine decomposition.