• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.140-150
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• 2004

It has been recognized that international food standards should be considered for a long time. The Codex Alimentarius programme initiated in the early 1960s has received valuable background documentation from the ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods) and also from ISO(the International Organization for Standardization). There has been a considerable move towards international harmonization of standards and methods of analysis. Many foreign countries recommend the guidelines for food microbiological standards quantitatively. To complement microbiological limits and tolerance levels for permissible number of defective samples, allowances should be made for sampling and other variations in laboratory methods. It may be necessary for guidelines of domestic food microbiological standards to be established so that the domestic food standards can be harmonized with foreign food standards. Food safety related microbiological guidelines of ICMSF, EU (European Union), UK (United Kingdom), China (Hong Kong) and Japan were reviewed and shown in examples.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.166-173
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• 2006

Silymarin is an antihepatotoxic substance isolated from the fruits of silybum mariamum. Possibly due to their antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties, the compounds was shown to protect various organs and cells against a number of insults (Kvasnicka et al., 2003). Among the main silymarin components, [silybin($SB_A,\;SB_B$, isosilybin ($ISB_A,\;ISB_B$) silydianin (SD) and silychristin (SC)], silybin is the major pharmacologically active compound. Korean Pharmaceutical Codex (2nd ed.) describes silybin as the main substance of Cardus Marianus extract as supportive treatment of chronic inflammatory liver disorders. The aim of this work was to analyze silybin from various preparations containing cardus marianus extract, nicotinamide, and riboflavin (CNR). Nine commercial products were tested using reversed-phase HPLC-PDA assay. The limits of detection and quantification were $0.2\;{mu}g/ml$ and $1\;{mu}g/ml$, respectively. Calibration curve showed a good linearity ($r^2$=1.00000) in the range of $1{\sim}500\;{\mu}g/ml$ of silybin standard solutions.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.13-36
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• 1997

This study aims to point out the basic strategy of agrotechnical and -political approaches toward successful settling for the environmental agriculture system in Korea. Although environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program were released in 1996, some scientist from environmental agriculture and organic agriculture still argue on the errors of it's strategy and action program in terms of environmental sound functions. Especially it's strategy and action program of government did not focus the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to realize an environmental sound agriculture system. And korean organic agriculture gets a point in dispute, because 1) they do not practice of Basic Standard of IFOAM and FAO/WHO Codex draft, and 2) organic farming is defined quite differently from internationally recognized core aspects of organic agriculture. Organic farming, in Korea, is taken to mean the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manure and avoidance of agricultural chemicals. In the paper it is discussed the necessity, purpose, effect and consequence of basic standard for korean organic agriculture. The reformation of the certification system and t he direct payment system in environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program by government, and on the need of the teaching program and curriculum in high education institution, the breeding program of resistant cultivars, the soil testing for optimum fertilization strategy, the nutrient management program, the declaration for 2020 environemntal agriculture are also discussed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Hovenia (Hovenia dulcis) monofloral honey produced in Korea. To produce Hovenia monofloral honey, Hovenia trees were surrounded by a net house, and honeybees were breed there over a 20-day period. Hovenia monofloral honey contained more than 95% of Hovenia pollen and showed physicochemical properties in agreement with the international honey standard (Codex). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Hovenia monofloral honey ranged from a 24.82-27.00 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g honey and a 0.41-0.46 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g honey, respectively. In addition, to evaluate the functional properties of Hovenia monofloral honey, the antioxidant activity of Hovenia monofloral honey was estimated by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, Hovenia monofloral honey showed an antibacterial activity against foodborne gram positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

The exposure of food to ionizing radiation has been recognized as a safe and effective mode of food preservation in more than 55 countries. The benefits include eradication of insect pests, inactivation of food pathogens, extension of shelf-life, and improvement in food hygiene. Regulatory authorities around the world have emphasized the implementation of various national and international regulations to facilitate trade and development of consumers' confidence in purchasing irradiated foods. Therefore, the need for reliable irradiation detection methods has increased to enforce these regulations. At present, a number of promising analytical approaches have been developed and evaluated. Moreover, about 10 European Standards have been adopted as General CODEX Alimentarius methods for the detection of irradiated foodstuffs. However, most of these methods demand relatively expensive equipment and prolonged sample preparation. Therefore, simple and cost-effective approaches would be advantageous for rapid screening of foodstuffs. The suspected samples need to be analyzed further with more validated techniques to confirm the screening results. In this review, existing screening methods (i.e. physical, chemical, and biological) for the identification of irradiated foods have been outlined along with their principles, scopes and limitations.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2000

10 carbamate pesticides were surveyed in domestic and imported green peas, beans, red beans from March 1999 through December 1999. Samples were collected from Gwangju, Mokpo, Suncheon and Yosoo grain markets. This study was performed by post-column ο-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol prior to HPCL fluorophore detection. Pesticides were found in 14 of 80 samples(17.5%). The kinds of pesticide detected in green peas were methomyl, MTMC, carbaryl, those in sesames were oxamyl, carbofuran, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, MIPC, those in beans were oxamyl, MTMC, carbaryl and those in red beans were MTMC, carbaryl. The range of residues detected in green peas, sesames, beans and red beans were 0.002∼0.025ppm, 0.001∼0.469ppm, 0.005∼0.356ppm and 0.017∼0.125ppm, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticides were MTMC(6 times) and carbaryl(5 times), while aldicarb, PHC and BPMC were no detected in all samples. Detection frequencies of carbamate pesticides in imported crops were higher than those in domestic ones except red beans. Only one result of oxamyl residues determined in imported bean was higher than the proposed maximum residue limits of Codex, which was 0.356ppm.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.785-794
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• 2020

Food Codex regulations have set freshness limits for oils used to fry food, such as potato and fish products, and fried food itself; however, no such freshness limits have been set for meat products, such as sweet and sour pork. The freshness standard suggest that acid values (AVs) and peroxide values (POVs) for frying oil should be less than 2.5 and 50, respectively, whereas AVs and POVs for common fried food should be less than 5.0 and 60, respectively. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of the number of frying cycles on oxidation-promoted changes in the oils used to fry sweet and sour pork and fried food itself during repeated frying over 10 d by determining their AVs and POVs, which were found to be highly correlated. Soybean, canola, palm, and pork lard oils could be reused approximately 37, 32, 58, and 87 times, respectively, to fry sweet and sour pork based on oil freshness, and 78, 78, 81, and 286 times, respectively, based on the freshness of fried food. Our data may help establish food-quality regulations for oils used to fry animal-based foods.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.2224-2228
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• 2012

This study describes the ability of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) for the determination of imidacloprid and carbendazim in tomato samples. A novel liquid crystal crown ether modified hybrid silica monolithic column was synthesized, characterized and developed as separation column for the first time. Baseline separation of imidacloprid and carbendazim could be achieved using a mobile phase containing 90% (v/v) 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile. The matrix matched calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient $r^2$ > 0.9998 in the range of 0.20-10.00 mg/L. The limits of detection for imidacloprid and carbendazim were 0.061 and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively, which were below the maximum residue limits established by the European Union as well as Codex Alimentarius. Average recoveries for imidacloprid and carbendazim varied from 101.6-108.0% with relative standard deviations lower than 6.3%. This method was applied to the analysis of tomatoes collected from local markets.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.521-538
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• 2012

As the knowledge society matures, not only distant, but also off-line universities are trying to provide learners with on-line educational contents. Particularly, high effectiveness of mobile devices for e-Learning has been demonstrated by the university sector, which uses distant learning that is based on blended learning. In this paper, we analyzed previous m-Learning scenarios and future technology prospects. Based on the proposed m-Learning scenario, we designed cellular phone-based educational contents and service structure, implemented m-Learning system, and analyzed m-Learning service satisfaction. The design principles of the m-Learning service are 1) to provide learners with m-Learning environment with both cellular phones and desktop computers; 2) to serve announcements, discussion boards, Q&A boards, course materials, and exercises on cellular phones and desktop computers; and 3) to serve learning activities like the reviewing of full lectures, discussions, and writing term papers using desktop computers and cellular phones. The m-Learning service was developed on a cellular phone that supports H.264 codex in 3G communication technology. Some of the functions of the m-Learning design principles are implemented in a 3G cellular phone. The contents of lectures are provided in the forms of video, text, audio, and video with text. One-way educational contents are complemented by exercises (quizzes).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 2012

Doenjang is a traditional Korean fermented soybean product that provides a major source of protein. In this study, a total of 18 different home-made doenjang samples were examined for the presence of foodborne pathogens and the total aflatoxin levels. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess microbial quality and potential public health risk, we showed that total coliform levels in the doenjang samples ranged from 0 to $4.43{\pm}2.32{\times}10^6\;CFU/g$, and the maximum limit of Bacillus cereus was $4.67{\pm}2.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$. However, other foodborne pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp., were not detected among the tested samples. One of the samples (S3) showed a maximum limit of $42.2{\pm}9.1\;{\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxin levels, which was above the safety limit allowed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) regulatory agency. Further research is necessary to determine whether and how doenjang safety can be improved via elimination/reduction of microbial contamination during fermentation and storage or using microbial starter cultures for its fermentation.