• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.644-651
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• 1997

In the water purification plant, chemicals are injected for quick purification of raw water. It is clear that the amount of chemicals intrinsically depends on water quality such as turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity. However, the process of chemical reaction to improve water quality (e.g., turbidity) by chemicals is not yet fully clarified nor quantified. The feedback signal in the process of coagulant dosage, which should be measured (through the sensor of the plant) to compute the appropriate amount of chemicals, is also not available. Most traditional methods focus on judging the conditions of purifying reaction and determine the amounts of chemicals through manual operation of field experts using Jar-test data. In this paper, a systematic control strategy is proposed to derive the optimum dosage of coagulant, PAC(Polymerized Aluminium Chloride), using Jar-test results. A neural network model is developed for coagulant dosing and purifying process by means of six input variables (turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity of raw water, PAC feed rate, turbidity in flocculation) and one output variable, while considering the relationships to the reaction of coagulation and flocculation. The model is utilized to derive the optimum coagulant dosage (in the sense of minimizing turbidity of water in flocculator). The ability of the proposed control scheme validated through the field test has proved to be of considerable practical value.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.318-323
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• 1995

제과회사 폐수처리의 화학적 응집공정을 최적화하기 위하여 이 연구를 수행하였다. 미처리 폐수의 $COD_{Mn}$과 총 고형분은 각각 $200{\sim}820ppm$과 $860{\sim}1360ppm$이었다. 폐수의 총 고형물의 성분은 당 40%, 단백질 10%, hexane-soluble 20%, 회분 30%였다. 650 nm에서의 turbidity와 suspended solid(SS)간에는 상관관계가 있었으므로, turbidity는 폐수의 on-line 측정도구로 사용할 수 있었다. 여러 응집제 중에서 $COD_{Mn}$과 SS 제거에 가장 효과적인 것은 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$의 조합 사용이었다. 최적의 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$ 농도는 480 ppm : 200 ppm이었다. 최적의 폐수처리 시간은$(Al_2(SO_4)_3$ 첨가 : $Ca(OH)_2$ 첨가 : 응집 숙성) 2 : 2 : 10분이었다. 이러 번의 $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$ 처리공정은 gelatin과 계면활성제의 응집저해 현상을 극복할 수 있었으며, 미생물 슬러지의 첨가는 이 응집저해 물질들 제거에 도움이 되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.682-689
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to find out the variation between molecular size distribution (MSD) of natural organic matter (NOM) in raw waters after different water treatment processes like conventional process (coagulation, flocculation, filtration) followed by advanced oxidation process (ozonation, GAC adsorption). The MSD of NOM of Suji pilot plant were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD) which is a kine of high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with nondispersive infrared (NDIR) detector and $UV_{254}$ detector. Five distinct fractions were generally separated from water samples with the Toyopearl HW-50S column, using 28 mmol phosphate buffer at pH 6.58 as an eluent. Large and intermediate humic fractions were the most dominant fractions in surface water. High molecular weight (HMW) matter was clearly easier to remove in coagulation and clarification than low molecular weight (LMW) matter. Water treatment processes removed the two largest fractions almost completely shifting the MSD towards smaller molecular size in DW. No more distinct variation of MSD was observed by ozone process after sand filtration but the SUVA value were obviously reduced during increase of the ozone doses. UVD results and HS-Diagram demonstrate that ozone induce not the variation of molecular size of humic substance but change the bond structure from aromatic rings or double bonds to single bond. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration removed 8~9% of organic compounds and showed better adsorption property for small MSD than large one.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2022

Interest in effluent treatment is currently increasing and the use of polymetric coagulants is considered as a pretreatment of physical filtration prior to effluent discharge to increase solids recovery. A jar test evaluated effluent treatment efficiency of polymeric coagulants for semi-recirculating aquaculture systems. The particle coagulation efficiency and distribution were evaluated at different polymer dosages in freshwater and seawater effluents. The polymer was added at 0.005-0.08 mL/g of total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluents. TSS in the supernatant after coagulation decreased with increasing polymer dose in the freshwater, while showing no corresponding changes with dose in the seawater. However, in all treatments for both effluents, the removal efficiency was above 90%, regardless of the dose in the tested range. Both the De Brouckere Mean Diameter (DBMD) and volumetric median diameter (VMD) were all above 100 ㎛ in the freshwater effluent. In the seawater effluent, the particle size appeared to be larger than that in freshwater, ranging from 400-1,000 ㎛ for both DBMD and VMD. Considering that the typical pore size of physical filtration in aquaculture is between 60 and 200 ㎛, the use of polymers is expected to improve the practicality of physical filtration for efficient treatment.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2013

본 연구는 CSOs의 처리를 위해 개발된 응집침전시스템의 운전초기에 발생하는 침전슬러지를 응집반응조에 반송하였다. 슬러지 반송을 통해 생성되는 플록의 형성특성 및 침전특성을 분석하고, CSOs 유입초기의 고농도 입자성 물질이 가중응집제로 활용될 수 있는지 그 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 그 결과, CSOs는 유입초기 고농도의 오염물질을 포함하며, 특히 20 ${\mu}m$ 이상의 입자성 물질이 다량 유입되었다. 응집침전시스템을 통해 처리된 유출수는 고농도의 오염물질이 유입되는 시기에는 처리수질이 낮아졌으나, 이후 유입오염물질의 농도가 감소되는 시점에서는 처리수질이 증가하는 현상을 보였다. 슬러지반송 운전에서 생성되는 플록은 마이크로샌드를 주입한 플록에 비해 크기는 비슷하고, 침강속도는 55.1 cm/min에서 21.5 cm/min으로 감소하였다. 반송에 사용되는 침전조 하부에 축적된 슬러지의 SVI값은 72로 침강성이 양호하였으며, 침전된 슬러지가 압밀침전으로 인해 부피가 급격히 감소하는데 걸리는 시간은 10분 정도로 분석되었다. 반송슬러지는 인발 0.3%에 반송 0.1%의 조건에서 지속적인 슬러지 발생에 따른 침전과 인발의 균형이 형성되는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이때, 응집반응조의 평균 TS농도는 100~200 mg/L, VS농도는 50~100 mg/L 정도를 유지하도록 슬러지를 반송하는 것이 적절한 것으로 분석되었다. CSOs의 입자성물질을 함유한 슬러지의 반송은 유입수질의 변화에 대응하여 안정적인 처리수의 수질을 확보할 수 있고, 약품주입량의 감소와 함께 슬러지 발생량의 감소효과를 기대할 수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1997년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집; 한국전력공사 서울연수원; 17-18 Oct. 1997
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• pp.317-320
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• 1997

In the water purification plant, chemicals are injected for quick purification of raw water. It is clear that the amount of chemicals intrinsically depends on the water quality such as turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity etc. However, the process of chemical reaction to improve water quality by the chemicals is not yet fully clarified nor quantified. The feedback signal in the process of coagulant dosage, which should be measured (through the sensor of the plant) to compute the appropriate amount of chemicals, is also not available. Most traditional methods focus on judging the conditions of purifying reaction and determine the amounts of chemicals through manual operation of field experts or jar-test results. This paper presents the method of deriving the optimum dosing rate of coagulant, PAC(Polymerized Aluminium Chloride) for coagulant dosing process in water purification system. A neural network model is developed for coagulant dosing and purifying process. The optimum coagulant dosing rate can be derived the neural network model. Conventionally, four input variables (turbidity, temperature, pH, alkalinity of raw water) are known to be related to the process, while considering the relationships to the reaction of coagulation and flocculation. Also, the turbidity in flocculator is regarded as a new input variable. And the genetic algorithm is utilized to identify the neural network structure. The ability of the proposed scheme validated through the field test is proved to be of considerable practical value.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.78-91
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• 2005

Performance limiting factors (PLFs) derived from 161 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), assessed by International Technical Diagnosis & Assistance Center, were analyzed and evaluated in more detail in this study. In order to conduct study, 161 DWTPs were divided into five categories depending on their capacity, and into twelve groups according to processes and facilities. From the results of analysis, PLFs and their distribution ratio derived from each category were significantly different. Filtration was the most important performance limiting process in all DWTPs of five categories, and the PLFs in filtration were backwashing velocity, media configuration, bed depth, and formation of mud-ball. The PLFs in coagulation-flocculation process were found out to be coagulant dosage, mixing speed, mechanical problems, and others in the order of frequency of occurrence. Also, insufficient disinfection ability that is resulted from insufficient hydraulic detention time and improper chlorine dose and injection point, is the most significant among PLFs in a clear well. In the case of sedimentation, inappropriate baffle structure and excessive upward velocity were PLFs. In addition, the results showed that high turbid water and low alkalinity in a rainy season, ferric and manganese ions, and ammonia nitrogen have been contributed significantly on the performance of DWTPs.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.807-813
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• 2012

Flocculation and flotation are used as pretreatment steps prior to the reverse osmosis (RO) process. During seawater treatment, high temperature can change the water chemistry of seawater during the process of coagulation. It also affects bubble volume concentration (BVC) and bubble characteristics. Coagulants such as alum and ferric salts at $40^{\circ}C$ can also change flux rates in the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process. In this study, the bubble characteristics in dissolved air flotation (DAF), used as a SWRO pretreatment process, were studied in synthetic seawater at $20^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The flux of an RO membrane was monitored after dosing the synthetic seawater with coagulants at different temperatures. Results showed that BVC increases as the operating pressure increases and as the salt concentration decreases. The bubble size released at $40^{\circ}C$ is far smaller than that at $20^{\circ}C$The addition of a ferric salt is effective for turbidity removal in synthetic seawater at $20^{\circ}C$; it is more effective than alum. When synthetic seawater was dosed with a ferric salt, the RO membrane flux increased by 27 % at $40^{\circ}C$.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2020

Microplastics have become a rising issue in due to its detection in oceans, rivers, and tap water. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on the detection and quantification in various water bodies, the number of research conducted on the removal and treatment of microplastics are still comparatively low. In the current research, the inflow and removal of microplastics were investigated for various drinking water treatment plants around the world. Addition to the investigation of filed research, a survey was also conducted on the current research trend on microplastic removal for different treatment processes in the drinking water treatment plants. This includes the researches conducted on coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, sand filtration and disinfection processes. The survey indicated mechanisms of microplastic removal in each process followed by the removal characteristics under various conditions. Limitations of current researches were also mentioned, regarding the gap between the laboratory experimental conditions and field conditions of drinking water treatment plants. We hope that the current review will aid in the understanding of current research needs in the field of microplastic removal in drinking water treatment.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1996년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); 포항공과대학교, 포항; 24-26 Oct. 1996
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• pp.282-285
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• 1996

In the water purification plant, the raw water is promptly purified by injecting chemicals. The amount of chemicals is directly related to water quality such as turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity. At present, however, the process of chemical reaction to the turbidity has not been clarified as yet. Since the process of coagulant dosage has no feedback signal, the amount of chemical can not be calculated from water quality data which were sensed from the plant. Accordingly, it has to be judged and determined by Jar-Test data which were made by skilled operators. In this paper, it is concerned to model and control the coagulant dosing process using jar-test results in order to predict optimum dosage of coagulant, PAC(Polymerized Aluminium Chloride). The considering relations to the reaction of coagulation and flocculation, the five independent variables(turbidity, temperature, pH, Alkalinity of the raw water, PAC feed rate) are selected out and they are put into calculation to develope a neural network model and a fuzzy model for coagulant dosing process in water purification system. These model are utilized to predict optimum coagulant dosage which can minimize the water turbidity in flocculator. The efficacy of the proposed control schemes was examined by the field test.