• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1969

Tissue homogenates of 10 kinds of human cancer tissues were incubated in medium containing either one of $C^{14}-1,\; C^{14}-2,\;or\; C^{14}-3-lactate $ as a substrate in order to observe the oxidative pathway of lactate in cancer tissues. Lactate concentration in incubation medium was maintained at 50 mg%. At the end of incubation period, gas samples and incubation media were analyzed for total $CO_2$ production rates, radioactivities of respiratory $CO_2$, lactate uptake rates and pyruvate appearance rates. The following results were obtained. 1. Lactate uptake rates in all of cancer tissues examined were less than $2.5\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ and much lower than those in normal tissues. 2. In the 10 kind of human cancer tissues, total $CO_2$ production rates were less than $10\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$, in all cases. These lower values impressed that oxidative metabolism in tumor tissues generally inhibited as compared with that in normal tissue. On the other hand, fractions of $CO_2$ derived from lactate to total $CO_2$ production rates were less than 15% except one case These facts showed that oxidation of lactate into $CO_2$ was greatly inhibited in tumor tissues. 3. Respiratory $CO_2$ yields from C-1 carbon of lactate in various cancer tissues were mean of 77.7% of total $CO_2$ yield from lactate and $CO_2$ yields from C-2 and C-3 carbon of lactate were mean of 9.1% and 12.6% respectively. These facts showed that carboxyl carbon of lactate oxidized more easily than ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ carbon of lactate. 4. In 10 kinds of cancer tissues, fractions of disappeared lacteate from media into $CO_2$ and pyruvate, which expressed as RLD $co_2$ and RLDpy respectively, were about 5% in except 3 cases and less than 3% except one case. These fact showed that almost of disappeared lactate from media were degraded into compounds other than $CO_2$ and pyruvate. From the above date, it was suggested that in the oxidative pathway of lactate in cancer tissues $CO_2$ was easily Produced from carboxyl carbon of lactate by oxidative decarboxylation as in the normal tissue, and further oxidation of 2 carbon unit via TCA cycle was inhibited.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.794-797
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• 2007

We have developed the adaptive contrast ratio enhancement algorithm for mobile LCD. This algorithm aims at effective contrast ratio enhancement with minimizing degeneration of color and white balance. It also is very simple to fit mobile LCD system.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1970

Tissue homogenates of Ehrlich ascites tumor tissues and several normal tissue of mice were incubated separately in medium maintaining $C^{14}$_acetate concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg%, in order to determine maximum oxidative rates of acetate. In every incubation experiments, respiratory $CO_2$ samples rapped by alkaline which was placed in the center well of the incubation blask were analyzed for total $CO_2$ Production rates and their radoactivies. The fractions of $CO_2$ from medium acetate to total $CO_2$ production rate were obtained with relative specific activities (RSA) which were calculated by ratio between specific activities (SA) of $CO_2$ and medium $CO^{14}$_acetate and $CO_2$ production rates from medium acetate were calculated from RSA and total $CO_2$ production rates. Maximum plateau values of oxidative rates described above were determined at incubation experiments of various concentrations of medium acetate and compared the oxidative rates of acetate of tumor with those of normal tissues such as kidney, brain and liver. Maximum plateau values of total $CO_{2}$ Production rates were obtained at acetate concentration of 20 mg% and represent $25.0{\pm}0.54\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the brain, $16.3{\pm}2.5$ in the kidney, $9.1{\pm}1.78$ in the liver and $11.5{\pm}3.2\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the ascites tuners. Substancial $CO_2$ yield was observed in the tumor tissues as in the normal tissues. On the other hand, plateau values of RSA were $25.7{\pm}1.04%$ in thee brain, $9.1{\pm}0.72%$ in the kidney, $2.5{\pm}0.73%$ in the liver and $0.51{\pm}0.12%$ in the tumor tissues. $CO_2$ yields from the medium acetate, were 4.19 in the kidney, 2.28 in the brain, 0.228 in the liter and $0.059\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the tumor tissue. These show wide range even in the normal tissue but remarkable decrease in the tumor tissue. This fact means that further oxidation of acetate was inhibited remarkably in the tumor tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1369-1373
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• 2004

The percentages of sperm motility and normal acrosome on the liquid boar semen diluted and preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ with lactose hydrate, egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent were significant differences according to preservation day and incubation time, respectively. The sperm motility steadily declined from 96.9% at 0.5 h incubation to 78.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the sperm motility rapidly declined after 4 day of preservation during incubation. The normal acrosome steadily declined from 93.3% at 0.5 h incubation to 73.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the normal acrosome rapidly declined after 3 day of preservation during incubation. The rates of sperm penetration and polyspermy were higher in 5 and $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml than in 0.2 and $1{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml. Mean numbers of sperm in penetrated oocyte were highest in $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. The rates of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes (2-4 cell stage) were highest in $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. In conclusion, we found out that liquid boar sperm stored at $4^{\circ}C$ could be used for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes matured in vitro. Also, we recommend $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml concentration for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

In order to achieve successful in vitro production of embryo, it is necessary to establish intrauterine environment during in vitro culture. Thus, this study was investigated to establish embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel (CM) with endometrial epithelial cells (EC). Endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from porcine endometrium at follicular phase, the cells seeded in insert dish for co-incubation with CM-coated culture dish. Then, culture media treated with/without 2.0 IU/ml hCG or 10 ng/ml $IL-1{\beta}$. After incubation for 24 h, the co-incubated insert dishes were removed from CM-coated culture dish before embryo culture. Embryos at 48 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured on the dish for 120 h with porcine zygote medium. We determined PTGS-2 expression in the ECs, VEGF protein in co-incubated CM with EC and observed cleavage rate and blastocyst development of embryos at 168 h after IVF. In result, expression of PTGS-2 was higher at co-incubated EC with hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$ groups than EC without hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$. The VEGF protein was detected at co-incubated CM with EC, EC treated with hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$ groups higher than CM group. Also, cleavage rate was no significantly difference among all group, however, blastocyst development was significantly higher in co-incubated CM with EC treated with hCG group than un-treated groups (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that novel embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel with endometrial epithelial cells treated with $IL-1{\beta}$ is beneficial and useful for enhancing the production of porcine blastocysts in vitro.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.557-559
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• 2009

We attempted modulation of hydrogen dilution ratio to achieve both the minimal incubation layer and high deposition rate. The incubation layer thickness was estimated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and crystallization fraction was measured by Raman spectroscopy.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1983

There was a decrease in nitrate reductase activity (NRA) measured in vivo in rice roots (Oryza sativa cv. Tongil) grown in anaerobic culture solution. But it was reversed by addition of malonate to the in vivo nitrate reduction assay medium. Malonate increased the in vivo NRA during 2-5 hours incubation and decreased it in longer incubation hours. In vivo NRA was stimulated by addition of NaHCO3 to the assay medium, but not by Na2CO3. The stimulation of NRA by NaHCO3 was not observed in shoot removed rice roots. It is suggested that CO2 from NaHCO3 is carboxylated by phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, results in increasing the malate contents in the roots, and stimulates the in vivo NRA. NADH needed in nitrate reduction is supported by malate oxidation. In rice roots, it seems probable that malate oxidation in the mitochondria is more important to nitrate reduction than malae oxidation in cytoplasm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.827-834
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of $36.5^{\circ}C$ and $38.5^{\circ}C$ incubation temperatures on the maturation of bovine oocytes and developmental competence of embryos. Methods: In experiment 1, oocytes were maturated in bicarbonate-buffered TCM-199 for 22 hours in a humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in the air at either $36.5^{\circ}C$ or $38.5^{\circ}C$ and nuclear maturation status were determined. In experiment 2, in vitro fertilized oocytes were allocated randomly into synthetic oviductal fluid medium with or without a mixture of 1 mM L-glutathione reduced and 1,500 IU superoxide dismutase and cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, and 90% $N_2$ in the air at $38.5^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. Results: There were no significant differences between incubation temperatures in terms of oocyte maturation parameters such as cumulus expansion, first polar body extrusion and nuclear maturation. Incubation temperatures during in vitro maturation had no effects on developmental competence of embryos, but supplementation of antioxidants increased (p<0.05) developmental competence of the embryos. Blastocysts from oocytes matured at $38.5^{\circ}C$ had comparatively higher inner cell mass, but low overall and trophectoderm cell numbers (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of present study showed that maturation of bovine oocytes at $36.5^{\circ}C$ may provide a suitable thermal environment for nuclear maturation and subsequent embryo development.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2018

Sparassis latifolia is one of the most expensive mushrooms in Korean market owing to its high ${\beta}$-glucan content and immunoactivity. However, because of the long cultivation period and high contamination rates, it has low production efficiency. Therefore, we first need to establish the optimum conditions for liquid spawn production to increase its production efficiency. As a result of experiments, molasses culture medium was selected for mycelial growth. Also, the optimum sugar content for molasses and amount of aeration used were approximately 8 Brix% and 0.3~0.6 vvm, respectively. Mycelial dry weight increases, while the medium decreases, as the incubation period increases. Therefore, to achieve maximum production efficiency, the incubation period of 9 to 11 days is appropriate.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2004

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of morphology, reproductive cycle, incubation time and activation of oocytes on in vitro maturation of cat oocytes and development of IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows: 1. When recovered from ovaries collected at different stages of the reproductive cycle (inactive, follicular and luteal stage), the developmental rates of oocytes to GV and MI stage were 72.5% and 27.5%, 57.5% and 7.5%, 62.5% and 17.5%, respectively. 2. The developmental rates of oocytes with cumulus cells to GV and MI stage in different conditions of incubation (5% $CO_2$ , 95% $O_2$ and 10% $CO_2$, 90% $O_2$) were 70.0% and 27.5%, 52.5% and 20.0%, 55.0% and 12.5%, respectively. 3. The developmental rates to GV and MI oocytes when cultured at different time of incubation (17∼20, 21∼24, 25∼28 and 29∼32 h) were 67.5% and 20.0%, 67.5% and 30.0%, 62.5% and 22.5%, 65.0% and 15.0%, respectively. 4. The fertilization and cleavage rates of freshly collected oocytes with and without cumulus cells were 72.5% and 25.0%, 37.5% and 7.5%, respectively. The rates were greater in oocytes with cumulus cells than those without cumulus cells. 5. The fertilization and cleavage rates of oocytes recovered from ovaries collected at different stages of the reproductive cycle (inactive, follicular and luteal stage) were 75.0% and 25.0%, 40.0% and 7.5%, 50.0% and 15.0%, respectively.