• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-394
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• 2020

The strengthening of multilateral international sanctions against North Korea has raised questions as to how effective they are in exerting pressure on the country's economy. In this paper, we address this question by examining their impact on the country's integration into regional and global apparel production networks. North Korea has in the past decade become an increasingly competitive exporter of apparel on the basis of consignment-based processing arrangements. Official trade data shows a sharp drop in North Korean exports of clothing since the sectoral ban in 2017. There is evidence to suggest, however, that exports have continued on a more informal and clandestine basis. North Korea's integration into apparel production networks has also taken the form of the dispatch of workers to factories in China's northeastern border regions. Yet there is evidence that the recent sanctions imposed on such practices has similarly led to illicit practices such as working on visitors' visas, often with the help of Chinese enterprises and local government. The resilience of North Korea's integration into apparel production networks follows a capitalist logic and is result of the highly profitable nature of apparel production for all actors concerned and a correspondingly strong desire to evade sanctions. As such, the analysis contributes to the literature on sanctions that suggests that the measures may contribute to emergence of growing informal and illicit practices and to the role of the clandestine economy.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.239-249
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• 2022

This study attempted to categorize the motivation for participation in leisure sports and analyze the difference in consumer demand for leisure sports wear according to the type. As a result of the analysis, the functionality of the preferred material consisted of movement, comfort, and body temperature maintenance. When purchasing, the factors to consider were extracted such as basic emphasis, emphasis on flaunting, and emphasis on practicality. The improvement requirement was composed of basic function improvement and various function additional factors, and the purchase satisfaction factor was composed of three factors: brand, practicality, design, and functionality. Motives for participation in marine leisure sports were grouped into mania, leisure, and health types. As for the functionality of the preferred material, the mania type and leisure type preferred movement, comfort, and body temperature maintenance functionality over the health type. As for the factors to consider when purchasing, the mania type and leisure type had higher consideration for the factors of basic emphasis, ostentation, and practicality than the health type. In the improvement requirements, both basic function improvement and various function additions had the highest mania type and the lowest health type. In terms of purchase satisfaction factors, practicality and brand were found to have a high leisure type, and functional factors were found to have a high mania type. For the enthusiastic group, it is thought that product development should focus on functionality and additional functions, and health types should be focused on design and utilization.