• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 2024

The corona of the glans clitoris is a clinically important yet poorly understood anatomical structure. There has been longstanding confusion regarding the prevalence of the corona of the glans clitoris and, moreover, its very existence. Therefore, this anatomical study assesses the prevalence of the corona of the glans clitoris and the gross anatomy of the proximal glans clitoris. Anatomy was assessed in 104 female donor bodies ranging in age from 50 to 102 years with an average age-at-death of 78.1±10.9 years (mean±SD). All clitorises (100%; 104:104 dorsums and 100%; 208:208 sides) were found to have a well-defined clitoral corona. Three of 104 (2.9%) coronas possessed grossly visible, outward-projecting, bluntly rounded papillae. Some donors possessed a coronopreputial frenulum. Clitoropreputial adhesions were common and associated with clitoral pearls. Clitoral pearls were identified in 37.8% (14:37) of unembalmed donors and observed to create clitoral craters, structural deformations in the surface of the corona and glans. The results of this study suggest that the corona of the glans clitoris is a ubiquitous anatomical structure. The clitoral coronal papillae and coronopreputial frenulum are novel, previously undescribed, anatomical structures. This study identifies that the corona of the glans clitoris is prone to pathological processes such as clitoral pearl formation and clitoral deformation. In addition to novel anatomical findings, the results of this study call attention to the need for life-long clitoral examinations. Furthermore, the corona of the glans clitoris should be regularly included in anatomical texts and accurately depicted in anatomical illustrations.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.357-359
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• 2002

Male pseudohermaphrodites is one of abnormalities of phenotypic sex and have an XY chromosome constitution and testes, but the internal or external genitalia are to some degree those of a female. We surveyed one case which were referred in Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. When patient was purchased, its phenotype was entirely female that have female external genitalia. However, from the age of 6 months, clitoris was gradually increased to Os clitoris, and patients showed male behavior. Critical clinical sign was trauma of protruded Os clitoris. In radiographic and ultrasonographic examination, he had normal vagina and urinary bladder. In chromosome examination, he had an XY chromosome constitution. This case was performed removal of Os clitoris and ovariohysterectomy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.221-223
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• 2008

SRY gene is normally responsible for testis induction, yet testis development can occur in the absence of SRY. In here, we analyzed the SRY-negative sex reversal in cocker spaniel, at 1.5 year-old. The attacked dog was suffered from enlarged clitoris, and resulted in disorder of urination. By surgically approach, enlarged clitoris and one testis, which are apparently seen, are removed. Additionally, thorough the abdomen surgery, uterus and ovary-like mass were removed. The dog had XX, chromosome, showed negative for SRY-gene, and the mass had the ovary-testis structure. In other words, based on the macroscopic, cytogenic, and histological study, we can diagnose the cocker spaniel as SRY-negative sex reversal.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1986

Teter and Boczkowski (1966) classified testicular feminization syndrome into two groups; One with no pubic hair and normal clitoris (A group) and the other with pubic hair and enlarged clitoris (B group). However, the patient discussed in this paper shows a mid-form of these two groups (C group). To find out differences among A, B and C groups, we have observed the micro-structure of testes removed from her inguinal canal and analyzed the chromosomes obtained from testicular and blood culture. Her seminiferous tubules show some differences in the maturation and distribution of Leydig and Sertoli cells and in the thickening of basement membrane as compared with group A and B. We suppose that such differences are responsible for the morphological changes of clitoris and pubic hair.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2008

A 3-month-old American Cocker spaniel was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, for examination of urinary tract after dissection of vaginal mass at local clinic before 10 days. Clinical examination of the affected bitch revealed a normal sized vulva in a normal anatomical position with a grossly enlarged clitoris, which contained an os clitoris. On examinations of the genital gland, there were testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and uterus. The histology of both gonads was primarily testis. Seminiferous tubules were divided into many parts by fibrous connective tissue. A small number of spermatogonia was present, but large numbers of Leydig's cells were existed. A normal female karyotype (78, XX) was detected in metaphase spreads obtained from cultured peripheral lymphocytes. Y chromosome specific sequences were not detected in genomic DNA by PCR. After 27 months, the os clitoris was larger than 3-month-old dog and os bone was more calcified than young age. Combining the results of cytogenetic, molecular genetic and histological examinations, the dog was diagnosed as a female hermaphrodite with Sry-negative XX sex reversal.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.422-426
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• 2012

A 3-year-old Cocker spaniel was presented for evaluation because of a mass protruding from the vulva. This mass confirmed the presence of an internal bone in clitoris on the radiography. We recommended to the owner of the surgical removal of the gonads and uterus as well as the excision of the enlarged clitoris and os clitoris. The dog had gonads in the region of where the ovaries were located and presented what appeared to be a bicornate uterus and ductus deferens. Histological analysis revealed a morphologically normal uterus and two testes with their epididymis and ductus deferens. Karyotyping revealed a normal female chromosome constitution (78, XX), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the absence of Sry. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with Sry-negative XX sex reversal.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 2010

Hermaphroditism occurs rarely in human and animal populations. Previously, in Korea, The hermaphrodite dog in American Cocker Spaniel dogs have been reported in six cases. However, in this case, we found a hermaphrodite dog in Korean native Jindo dog. The characteristics were its enlarged os clitoris that was shown a reddish fingerlike structure protruding from the vulva. The dog was diagnosed as hermaphroditism with ovotestes. To our knowledge, this report is the first case of hermaphroditism in Korean native dog.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2009

Labial adhesion in prepubertal girls is a common gynecologic problems. The labia minora are fused by thin transparent or thick fibrous membrane in the midline from the clitoris to posterior fourchet. The prevalence of labial adhesion may be even greater because many children with labial fusions are asymptomatic and these cases remain unreported. They are often unrecognized by physician and parents because most of symptomatic children complained urinary symptoms. The authors experienced 2 cases of labial adhesion in girls; one asymptomatic partial fusion and the other symptomatic complete fusion. These lesions were treated successfully by mechanical separation of labial adhesion and petroleum ointment (Vaseline) application without recurrence in follow-ups.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2018

We observed the external genitalia and uterus of a 24-month-old freemartin Hanwoo. The vulva was smaller than observed in a normal female Hanwoo, while the clitoris was larger in the freemartin. The angle between the external genitalia and the perineum also varied. Upon internal genital examination, the uterus of the freemartin was a thin tube approximately 18 cm in size and had not differentiated into a normal uterus and uterine horns.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.140-202
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• 2004

Body means 1)the whole structure and substance of a man, animal, or plant 2) the trunk or torso of a man or animal 3) part of garment that covers the trunk 4) the fresh or material substance, as opposed to the spirit. Human body could be distinguished as fresh and spirit. Body has the meaning of physicality. Physical means the bodily and constitution, but in the meaning of constitution there is the content of spirituality. Physicality means the appearing or arising of trace or image or nuance of body. The paintings which are using bodies are 1) directly draw bodies 2) twisting or transformation or nuance of the body and highly upgrade the physical emotion or fantastic bodily nuance 3) directly rubbing artist's body on the surface of painting with pigments to elect tactile specification. These physical art have appeared broadly by various artists, mainly with the social aspects of sex, drug, psycho sexual issues. In case of Joel peter Whitkin, the reason of strong physicality in the art is from the mind of the rejection and resistance of real world which is targeting top, perfect and beauty. Further explanation, being the world which is separated top and under, men and women, beauty and ugly; further in the situation, the hierarchy, terror and pressure began and many difficult problems has derived. The contents of attacking feminists's art works are very obscene to reveal female and male's phallus strongly. Sometime, it is strongly related in the political issues. The physical paintings have strong meanings in the action by hands and feet. It supports that it could reveal the humanity with smell, breath, and traces of bodies. In the bodies, the origin of life begins which gives human life by blood lines and water. Sometime, the physical paintings are made by the blood and urine to stick the physicality for special nuance. The physical paintings are made by the image of penis and clitoris which are related in the image of urinating, ejaculation and sometime is symbolized as pens and candles to drop liquid. The selected painters who are related in physical painting are Jackson Pollock, Andrea Serano, Eve Klein, Francis Bacon, Francesco Clemente, Lichard Long, Jakes & Dinos Chapman, Anselm Kiefer, Kiki Smith and Park, Ki Woong. Francis Bacon's style is destructive in representing human shapes which give us special message about the unbearable activity of men politician, high brain, wealthy and religious people. Francesco Clemente's method is to use throat, ear hole, mouse, clitoris, belly nostrils and every holes of body to transmute human physical body. Lichard Long uses directly his body in drawing the surface of painting by using liquid of mud Jakes & Dinos Chapman destroys or transforms the bodies of human. It sometime appears wrong location of the bodies that the penis and vulva is in between human faces or nose of women, Anselm Kiefer uses human hair for representing the human decaying martyrs, and indirectly using straw, he gives special ritual action to repent the Nazi's fault. From 2002 to 2003, Park KI Woong used women womb images to intermingle the smoke shape of <9.11 terror, 2001> in New York to reveal the painful situation of the time(*).