• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.134-142
• /
• 2010

Although BinSo-San(BSS), a mixed herbal formula consisted of 11 types of medicinal herbs and have been used as anti-inflammatory agent, In the present study, the acute toxicity (single oral dose toxicity) of lyophilized BSS aqueous extracts was monitored in male and female mice after oral administration according to Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). In order to observe the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$), approximate lethal dosage (ALD), maximum tolerance dosage (MTD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing according to KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005) with organ weight and histopathology of 12 types of principle organs. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs and changes in the body weights except for dose-independent increases of body weight and gains restricted in 1000 mg/kg of BSS extracts-dosing female group. Hypertrophic changes of lymphoid organs.thymus, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes were detectedat postmortem observation with BSS extracts dose-dependent increases of lymphoid organ weights, and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in these all three lymphoid organs at histopathological observations. These changes are considered as results of pharmacological effects of BSS extracts or their components, immunomodulating effects, not toxicological signs. In addition, some sporadic accidental findings such as congestion spots, cyst formation in kidney, atrophy of thymus and spleen with depletion of lymphoid cells, and edematous changes of uterus with desquamation of uterus mucosa as estrus cycles were detected throughout the whole experimental groups including both male and female vehicle controls. The significant (p<0.01) increases of absolute weights of kidney and pancreas detected in BSS extracts 1000 mg/kg-treated female group are considered as secondary changes from increases of body weights. The results obtained in this study suggest that the BSS extract is non-toxic in mice and is therefore likely to be safe for clinical use. The LD50 and ALD of BSS aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected upto 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. In addition, the MTD of BSS extracts was also considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no BSS extracts-treatment related toxicological signs were detected at histopathological observation except for BSS or their component-related pharmacological effects, the immunomodulating effects detected in the present study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.161-176
• /
• 1975

In order to evaluate the epizootiological influence of high-land on cattle feeding, routine hematological observation, with additional examinations of feces and general clinical condition, was conducted comparing the high-land cows resident at altitude of 800 to 1,200 meters in Daegwanryeong to the low-land cows resident at altitudes of less than 100 meters in Samcheok and Gangneung. The high-land cows were divided into 3 groups such as group A, B and C, consisting of 15, 16 and 20 adult cows respectively, and among the 3 groups only group C was exposed to abrupt high-land cold before observation. The low-land cows, that is group D, were consisted of 25 adult cows. The results obtained in the survey were summarized as follows: 1. Number of erythrocytes, concentration of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were remarkably higher (p<0.01) in all of 3 groups (group A, B and C) of high-land cows than trios of low-land cows (group D). These higher values in high-land cows were ascribable to the better feeding and hygienic management, and lesser infestation of small-type Piroplasma (Theileria) and internal parasites in contrast with the low-land cows. 2. Remarkably higher value of mean corpuscular volume (p<0.01) and a tendency to lower value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were noted in group D in contrast with group A, B and C. The reason was attributed to the higher infestation (p<0.01) of smalltype piroplasma in low-land cows in contrast with high-land cows. 3. It was noticiable that even though lesser infestation of small type Piroplama in the highland cows was shown, a natural case of clinical small-type-piroplasmosis was found in high-land group B as well as a case in the low-land group D. The blood Pattern showed characteristic macrocytic-hypochromic-anemia with increased reticulocytes in both two cases (Table 7). 4. In the observation of leukocytic series, marked increase of eosinophils in group D was seen in accordance with heavy infestation of gastrointestinal nematodes, and increased neutrophils with higher appearance of nonlobulated form and eosinopenia in group C only was observed suggesting the leukocytic response to the cold exposure in high-land. 5. Mean values of thrombocytes in group A,B,C and D were 48.4, 40.7, 42.7 and $32.3{\times}10^4/mm^3$ respcetively, and no statistically significant differences were observed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2022

Background: Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) has been widely used in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases. Epidural injection of steroids can reduce the incidence and duration of postoperative pain in a short period of time. Although steroids are widely believed to reduce the effect of surgical trauma, the observation indicators are not uniform, especially the long-term effects, so the problem remains controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of epidural steroids following PTED. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database from 1980 to June 2021 to identify randomized and non-randomized controlled trials comparing epidural steroids and saline alone following PTED. The primary outcomes included postoperative pain at least 6 months as assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay and the time of return to work. Results: A total of 451 patients were included in three randomized and two non-randomized controlled trials. The primary outcomes, including VAS and ODI scores, did not differ significantly between epidural steroids following PTED and saline alone. There were no significant intergroup differences in length of hospital stay. Epidural steroids were shown to be superior in terms of the time to return to work (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Intraoperative epidural steroids did not provide significant benefits, leg pain control, improvement in ODI scores, and length of stay in the hospital, but it can enable the patient to return to work faster.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 2011

Objective: Due to longer life spans, patients newly diagnosed with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are increasing in number. This study aimed to evaluate how management of UIAs in patients age 65 years and older affects the clinical outcomes and post-procedural morbidity rates in these patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 109 patients harboring 136 aneurysms across 12 years, between 1997 and 2009, at our institute. We obtained the following data from all patients: age, sex, location and size of the aneurysm(s), presence of symptoms, risk factors for stroke, treatment modality, and postoperative 1-year morbidity and mortality. We classified these patients into three groups: Group A (surgical clipping), Group B (coil embolization), and Group C (observation only). Results: Among the 109 patients, 56 (51.4%) underwent clipping treatment, 25 (23%) patients were treated with coiling, and 28 observation only. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 2.46% and 0%, respectively. The morbidity rate was 1.78% for Clipping and 4% for coiling. Factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and family history of stroke were correlated with unfavorable outcomes. Two in the observation group refused follow-up and died of intracranial ruptured aneurysms. The observation group had a 7% mortality rate. Conclusion: Our results show acceptable favorable outcome of treatment-related morbidity comparing with the natural history of unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Surgical clipping did not lead to inferior outcomes in our study, although coil embolization is generally more popular for treating elderly patients, In the treatment of patients more than 65 years old, age is not the limiting factor.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.19-45
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to analyse the effects of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV-pure melittin, the major component of honey bee venom) on the central nervous system in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical studies authorized institution, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Male rats of 5 weeks old were chosen for this study and after confirming condition of rats was stable, Sweet BV was administered in thigh muscle of rats. And checked the effects of Sweet BV on the central nervous system using the functional observational battery (FOB), which is a neuro-toxicity screening assay composed of 30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. And home cage observations, home cage removal and handling, open field activity, sensorimotor reflex test/physiological measurements were conducted. Results: 1. In the home cage observation, there was not observed any abnormal signs in rats. 2. In the observation of open field activity, the reduction of number of unit areas crossed and rearing count was observed caused by Sweet BV treatment. 3. In the observation of handling reactivity, there was not observed any abnormal signs in rats. 4. In the observation of sensorimotor reflex tests/physiological measurements, there was not observed any neurotoxic signs in rats. 5. In the measurement of rectal temperature, treatment of Sweet BV did not showed great influences in the body temperature of rats. Conclusions: Above findings suggest that Sweet BV is relatively safe treatment in the central nervous system. But in the using of over dose, Sweet BV may the cause of local pain and disturbance of movement. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.40-50
• /
• 2022

This study is a qualitative study in which nursing students analyzed the contents of nursing skills recorded on a structured video observation record sheet while observing a colleague team's real-time video of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease scenario implementation during simulation practice. As a result of the analysis using the content analysis method, categories and topics of effective and ineffective aspects were derived in the areas of observation record: accuracy of procedures, adherence to aseptic technique, consideration of safety and safety, explanation and education, and purpose explanation and method education. This study is meaningful in that it presents factors that can increase the efficiency of nursing education through simulation-based practice.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.501-508
• /
• 2001

Objectives : Hemifacial spasm is painless uncommon disorder characterized by involuntary paroxysmal movement on one side of face. It is known that hemifacial spasm is mainly due to pulsatile compression by vessels at the root exit zone(REZ) of the facial nerve. Microvascular decompression at REZ of the facial nerve has become the standard treatment modality for hemifacial spasm. The authors have analized patients with hemifacial spasm treated with microvascular decompression to evaluate operation result and clinical course after operation. Patients and Methods : From 1992 to 1999, 41 patients with hemifacial spasm underwent this operation. Retrospective analysis of operation results and clinical recovery patterns was done. The length of observation had been more than 6 months in all cases. Results : The ratio of male to female was 1:1.4, and age at operation ranged from 24 to 66 years. Their mean age was 47.6 years and the mean preoperative duration of symptoms was 7.2 years. Most common offending vessels were AICA in 18 cases(48%) and second most common were PICA in 13 cases(31.7%). The rest of them were 3 case in vertebral artery, and 7 cases(13%) in multiple offending vessels. Patterns of improvement after surgery could be divided into 4 clinical types. There was complete recovery in 3 days after operation in 24 cases(58.6%, Immediate complete recovery). There was complete recovery in 3 days after operation, and symptom was recurred partially, which was gradually subsided in 2 weeks after operation in 4 cases(9.8%, Delayed complete recovery type I). There was partial recovery after operation and symptom was compretely disappeared gradually in 6 months after operation in 7 cases(17.1%, Delayed complete recovery type II). Finally, there was partial recovery after operation, and symptom was somewhat remained after 6 months later(14.5%, Delayed partial recovery). Conclusion : In conclusion, microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm is a safe and reliable treatment modality with good results of improvement and there are 4 recovery patterns in clinical course after operation in our series. Therefore, follow-up observation after microvascular decompression is necessary to evaluate the operative results and complication, especially in the delayed resolved cases.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.225-242
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify students' experiences of performance and their satisfaction with clinical nursing practice in Women's health nursing. Methods: Data was collected using questionnaire consisting of 104; 89,; and 82 nursing activities with 12; 10; and 7 domains for delivery floor, obstetric, and gynecologic wards retrospectively. Five hundred ninety nursing students from 10 four year and one three year colleges, were recruited and selected for data collection. Results: Site specific core nursing activities among top 15 items of performed experience were: interpreting fetal monitoring; massage for pain reduction; breathing technique; perineal pad change; non stress test; manual check for uterine contraction; and position change for the delivery floor. Experiences of clinical nursing practice for the obstetric ward and the gynecologic ward were identified and ranked as well. Observation of delivery, measurement & test during labor and observation of anesthesia and operation were the highest ranked activity domains of satisfaction for delivery floor, obstetric and gynecologic wards retrospectively. Conclusion: Discussions are needed to standardize curriculum for clinical practice in women's health nursing initiated at the level of Korean Society of Womens' Health Nursing by reflecting this result. Strategic approaches are emphasized in order to enhance a collaboration between clinical fields and colleges.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.131-150
• /
• 2013

Subject : The Imminent Labor Pulse(臨産 離經脈, extra-meridian pulse approaching labor) is one of many practical clinical knowledges, unique to Traditional Korean(Eastern) Medicine. Objective : This research explores the origin and change of perception on the subject throughout history, with objective to sort out practical knowledge applicable in the clinic of today. Also, it draws clinical meaning of pulse diagnosis according to the physiological theories, and suggests directions for future clinical researches. Method : First, the Imminent Labor Pulse was examined based on major publications such as the "Nanjing", "Maijing" and theories of major doctors. Second, this previous study was examined through clinical observation research. Third, further research was carried out on pulse theory according to the Traditional Medical theories. Fourth, their clinical practicality and points of further research were sorted out. These points need to be examined through additional clinical research. Conclusion : The following conclusions could be drawn from study of the Imminent Labor Pulse. From the Imminent Labor Pulse which indicated the beginning of the first period of labor in the "Maijing", it developed into trying to grasp the beginning of the second period of labor which is the actual time of labor, through "Zhubingyuanhoulun" and "Shizaizhifang". By Xueji, another pulse that could be felt on the middle finger of the mother had been discovered. The middle finger is where the Pericardium Meridian flows. The child's connection to the uterus becomes disconnected on the first period, but that with the Pericardium meridian which provides blood meridian to the Taichongmai of the child continues throughout labor until the umbilicus chord is cut. Therefore, this middle finger pulse could serve as showing the heart condition of the mother and child during labor. The time of its appearance and disappearance, and their correlation with the child's heartbeat need to be clinically examined.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2013

Tetanus is a specific infectious disease, which is often associated with catastrophic events such as earthquakes, traumas, and war wounds. The obligate anaerobe Clostridium tetani is the pathogen that causes tetanus. Once the infection of tetanus progresses to an advanced stage within the wounds of limbs, the rates of amputation and mortality increase manifold. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a rapid and sensitive point-of-care detection method for C. tetani so as to ensure an early diagnosis and clinical treatment of tetanus. In this study, we developed a detection method for C. tetani using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, wherein the C. tetani tetanus toxin gene was used as the target gene. The method was highly specific and sensitive, with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, and allowed quantitative analysis. While detecting C. tetani in clinical samples, it was found that the LAMP results completely agreed with those of the traditional API 20A anaerobic bacteria identification test. As compared with the traditional API test and PCR assay, LAMP detection of C. tetani is simple and rapid, and the results can be identified through naked-eye observation. Therefore, it is an ideal and rapid point-of-care testing method for tetanus.