• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2012

Toxoplasmic encephalitis is caused by reactivation of bradyzoites to rapidly dividing tachyzoites of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised hosts. Diagnosis of this life-threatening disease is problematic, because it is difficult to discriminate between these 2 stages. Toxoplasma PCR assays using gDNA as a template have been unable to discriminate between an increase or decrease in SAG1 and BAG1 expression between the active tachyzoite stage and the latent bradyzoite stage. In the present study, real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of bradyzoite (BAG1)- and tachyzoite-specific genes (SAG1) during bradyzoite/tachyzoite stage conversion in mice infected with T. gondii Tehran strain after dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXM) administration. The conversion reaction was observed in the lungs and brain tissues of experimental mice, indicated by SAG1 expression at day 6 after DXM administration, and continued until day 14. Bradyzoites were also detected in both organs throughout the study; however, it decreased at day 14 significantly. It is suggested that during the reactivation period, bradyzoites not only escape from the cysts and reinvade neighboring cells as tachyzoites, but also converted to new bradyzoites. In summary, the real-time RT-PCR assay provided a reliable, fast, and quantitative way of detecting T. gondii reactivation in an animal model. Thus, this method may be useful for diagnosing stage conversion in clinical specimens of immunocompromised patients (HIV or transplant patients) for early identification of tachyzoite-bradyzoite stage conversion.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2009

Bacillus polyfermenticus KJS-2 (B. polyfermenticus KJS-2)를 이용하여 발효된 콩(BP2FS)은 8가지의 병원성균에 대해 항균활성을 가졌다. BP2FS는 돌돔의 배양에 있어 사료첨가제로 사용되었다. 돌돔의 배양시 BP2FS를 투여한 군($6{\times}10^{4}$ cfu $g^{-1}$ 사료)과 투여하지 않은 군으로 나누었으며, 투여한 군은 120일 동안 하루에 두 번씩 투여 하였다. 120일 후에 투여한 군의 돌돔의 몸무게는 67.29${\pm}$12.62 g이었으며 그렇지 않은 군의 몸무게는 56.56${\pm}$8.21 g으로 나타났다. 생존율은 투여한 군(80%)과 투여하지 않은 군(40%)이었다. 폐사한 돌돔의 축적된 양은 투여한 군(18.95%)과 투여하지 않은 군(60.98%)이었다. BP2FS를 투여한 군에서 B. polyfermenticus KJS-2를 돌돔의 장내에서 검출한 결과 $1.04{\times}10^{4}$ cfu $g^{-1}$으로 나타났다. BP2FS를 투여 하지 않은 군의 돌돔에서는 iridovirus에 감염되었을 경우 나타나는 전형적인 증상인 비장과 간에서 비대세포가 관찰 되었다. 이 결과들은 BP2FS는 돌돔의 이리도바이러스에 대한 감염 시 예방효과를 가져온다 할 수 있다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2007

Backgrounds : Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) is a kind of phase II metabolism enzyme and plays an important role in the detoxification of various toxic chemicals. It was reported that the genetic polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes may be responsible for asthma development and susceptibility to allergy. Traditional oriental medicine uses a unique diagnostic technique. differentiation-syndrome. to analyze signs and symptoms of patients synthetically. Through differentiation-syndrome. asthma patients can be divided into two groups: the deficiency syndrome group (DSG) and the excess syndrome group (ESG). Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible association of GST gene polymorphism with clinical phenotype by differentiation-syndrome of bronchial asthma patients. Materials and Methods : One hundred and ten participants were evaluated by pulmonary function test. Patients with 53 DSG and 31 ESG by differentiation-syndrome were assessed for genetic analysis. GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results : GSTM1 gene deletion was detected in 43.4% of individuals in the DSG and in 38.71 % in the ESG. The distribution of GSTM1 polymorphism between DSG and ESG was not significantly different [$x^2$=0.1767, p=0.6742; OR(95% CI)=1.2139(0.4915-2.9979)]. The proportion of GSTT1 null genotypes was 41.51% in the DGS and 45.16% in the ESG. The distribution of GSTT1 polymorphism between DSG and ESG was also not significantly different [$x^2$=0.1065, p=0.7442; OR(95% CI)=0.8618(0.3525-2.1065)]. In the combined analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, the frequency of both null type of GSTM1/GSTT1 genes was not significantly different from both positive type of GSTM1/GSTT1 genes[$x^2$=0.0768, p=0.7817; OR(95% CI)=1.2000(0.3303-4.3602)] Conclusions : These results indicate that polymorphism of the GST gene might not be associated with the symptomatic classification of DSG and ESG by differentiation-syndrome in Korean asthmatics.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1998

Objective: To ananlyze the direct effect of nitric oxide (NO), generated from sodium prusside (SNP) on the embryo developments in reproductive process. Design: Ova from mouse were treated to allow fertilization in in vitro culture. And the samples of fertilized ova were alloted into five alliqutos. Each alliquot was cultured in media treated with either concentration at 0 (n=92), $25{\mu}M$ (n=84), $50{\mu}M$ (n=80), $100{\mu}M$ (n=77), $500{\mu}M$ (n=54) of SNP. Main Outcome Measure: Rates of embryonal cell cleavages, viability and cell morphology were assessed during in vitro fertilization and culture. Results: As analyse the cell cleavage at 24 hours after in vitro culture of fertilised egg in variuos NO concentration, all of egg cells of each alliquot were developed to $2\sim4$ cell stage. But the alliquot of egg cells treated with $50{\mu}M$, which were totally degenerated. And also all embryonal cells of each alliquot were developed to 8 cell stage and morula stage on culture continuosly. And the embryonal cells of each alliquot were analysed at 24 and 48 hours following the in vitro culture. The rates of cell fragmentation and fusion were $4.2{\pm}3.4%$ in control group which is not treated with NO, while experimental groups was high, as rated $23.4{\pm}6.2%$ in $25{\mu}M$, $28.2{\pm}5.7%$ in $50{\mu}M$ and $32.1{\pm}6.4%$ in $100{\mu}M$ concentration of NO. Accordingly the rate of abnormal morphology of embryonal cell in control was lower significantly than that in each alliquot of experimental groups (p<0.05). And the degenerated rates of embryonal cells were 0% in control, $17.8{\pm}6.7%$ in $25{\mu}M$, $23.6{\pm}4.7%$ in $50{\mu}M$ and $26.8{\pm}11.2%$ in $100{\mu}M$ at 8 cells and morula on culture of 48 and 72 hours. On the examination of embryonal cells developed to blastocyst through in vitro culture, the rates of degenerated cells were $16.8{\pm}7.2%$ in control, $37.5{\pm}6.2%$ in $25{\mu}M$, $73.4{\pm}4.6%$ in $50{\mu}M$, 100% in $100{\mu}M$. Conclusion: This results suggeted that the NO in any concentrations is harmful on embryos in view of morphology as well as viability of cell, and the toxicity of NO on embryo is stronger at condition in higher concentration of NO.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.518-526
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• 2005

Hwanggumgung (HGG) is a hair-care product which is composed of several plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate effect of HGG on hair regrowth in a shaving model of C57BL6 mice. Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week under 23$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm10\%$ relative humidity and 12 h of a light/dark cycle before beginning experiment. There were four experimental groups including distilled water (D.W., control), 10$\%$ ethanol (EtOH, vehicle control), a positive control of 3$\%$ minoxidil (MXD), and HGG for female and male mice, respectively; Six-weeks old mice were trimmed by electric clippers so as not to damage the skin. The next day; mice without visible scraches were selected, randomized and separated in groups of 11 mice. The test compounds were topically treated with 0.15ml per mouse per day for 21 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 21 days. Enzyme activities of $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were also determined using a rate assay method. There were no clinical signs in all experimental groups. The topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG in female mice promoted hair regrowth earlier and faster than the control groups. In male mice, the topical application of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG also accelerated hair growth compared with the controls. Ten percent ethanol also promoted hair growth faster than D.W group. The histology of hair growth in experimental groups was strongly associated with the hair regrowth. 3$\%$ MXD and HGG promoted elongation of hair follicles compared with the controls in both female and male mice. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and $\gamma$-glutamyl transpeptidase, enzymes related to hair growth, significantly increased after treatments of 3$\%$ MXD and HGG for 2 weeks in both female and male mice (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HGG has hair growth promoting activities and it can be for treatment for alopecia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.413-422
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigated the mechanism of pharmacological action of local anesthetic and provide the basic information about the development of new effective local anesthetics. Fluorescent probe techniques were used to evaluate the effect of lidocaine HCl on the physical properties (transbilayer asymmetric lateral and rotational mobility, annular lipid fluidity and protein distribution) of synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMV) isolated from bovine cerebral cortex, and liposomes of total lipids (SPMVTL) and phospholipids (SPMVPL) extracted from the SPMV. An experimental procedure was used based on selective quenching of 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py) and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) by trinitrophenyl groups, and radiationless energy transfer from the tryptophans of membrane proteins to Py-3-Py. Lidocaine HCl increased the bulk lateral and rotational mobility of neuronal and model membrane lipid bilayes, and had a greater fluidizing effect on the inner monolayer than the outer monolayer. Lidocaine HCl increased annular lipid fluidity in SPMV lipid bilayers. It also caused membrane proteins to cluster. The most important finding of this study is that there is far greater increase in annular lipid fluidity than that in lateral and rotational mobilities by lidocaine HCl. Lidocaine HCl alters the stereo or dynamics of the proteins in the lipid bilayers by combining with lipids, especially with the annular lipids. In conclusion, the present data suggest that lidocaine, in addition to its direct interaction with proteins, concurrently interacts with membrane lipids, fluidizing the membrane, and thus inducing conformational changes of proteins known to be intimately associated with membrane lipid.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.700-704
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• 2007

In the recent, increased concern has been focused on the pharmacology and clinical utility of herbal extracts and derivatives as a drug or adjunct to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Here we investigated the role of the extract of Anethi Fructus in the expression of inflammatory mediators, surface molecule, and related receptors in vitro. In murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6N mice, water extract of Anethi Fructus increased the production of secretary tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and Nitric oxide (NO), and the expression level of CD14, LPS co-receptor and CD86, co-stimulatory molecule compared to negative natural extract ex vivo. The water extract of Anethi Fructus increased the production of interferon (IFN)-g from splenocytes. Also, water extract of Anethi Fructus increased ConA-induced cell proliferation. These results suggest that water extract of Anethi Fructus may enhance the immune response through immune modulation of macrophage and lymphocytes.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.340-346
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• 2012

가금류 제품에서 항생제의 잔류와 내성균의 출현으로 인해 항생제 대체물질에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 특히 생균제와 활성촉진제 또는 이들을 조합한 신바이오틱의 사용이 권장되고 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 생균제 CS61 배양액의 사료첨가 급여가 육계의 성장 및 사료효율에 미치는 영향과 안전성을 평가하여 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 사료첨가제로서의 개발가능성을 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. CS61 배양액은 0, 0.1 및 1%의 용량으로 28일간 사료에 혼합하여 육계에게 급여하였다. 시험결과, 시험물질 처치군에서 부검 시의 체중과 일당증체량이 대조군에 비해 용량의존적으로 증가하였다. CS61 배양액의 사료 내 첨가는 대조군 동물에 비해 사료효율도 개선하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 일반증상과 사망률, 부검소견, 혈액학치 및 혈청생화학치에서는 시험물질의 처치와 관련된 독성소견이 관찰되지 않았다. RAW 264.7 세포를 이용한 일산화질소 시험에서 정제된 CS61 펩타이드는 lipopolysaccharide에 유도된 일산화질소 생성을 용량의존적으로 억제하였다. 본 시험결과는 육계에 CS61 배양액의 사료첨가 급여는 항염증효과를 통해 성장과 사료효율을 개선할 수 있음을 보여주며, 사료첨가제로서 CS61 배양액의 유용성과 개발가능성을 시사해 주고 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.775-780
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• 1998

우육의 위생화를 위한 방사선 조사기술의 이용 가능성을 검토할 목적으로 방사선 조사 쇠고기(5 kGy)를 대상으로 유전독성 및 급성독성 시험을 통한 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 감마선 조사 및 비조사 쇠고기 현탁액의 S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 및 TA1537에 대한 복귀변이 집락수를 조사한 결과, 대사활성계 도입 및 부재시 모두, 모든 시험균주에서 시험 적용 농도인 $0.1{\sim}8.3{\;}mg/plate$의 범위에서 복귀변이 집락수의 농도 의존적인 증가 혹은 감소를 보이지 않아 감마선 조사 쇠고기(5 kGy)는 돌연변이원성이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 설치류 망상적혈구를 이용하여 감마선 조사된 쇠고기의 염색체 이상 시험을 수행한 결과, 감마선 조사 쇠고기는 시험적용 용량인 $1250{\sim}2500{\;}mg/plate$1의 범위에서 소핵을 가진 망상적혈구의 출현율이 음성대조군과 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않아 소핵을 유발하지 않음을 확인하였다. 조사 우육의 급성독성시험 시험결과, 전 기간을 통하여 마우스 암수 모두에서 조사우육(5 kGy)의 경구투여시 폐사동물은 관찰되지 않았으며, 체중변화도 대조군과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한, 마우스와 랫드 암수 모두에서 본 시험물질에 의한다고 생각되는 어떠한 임상증상이나 유의할 만한 병변도 관찰되지 않았다.

• 대한구강악안면임플란트학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.220-235
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• 2018

Sinus lift procedure is frequently required for the maxillary molar implant placement. Previous studies have demonstrated alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) can maintain the dimensions of ridge height and width. However, there is a lack of studies which evaluated the effect of ARP to avoid sinus lift procedure. Purpose of this study is to describe a method reducing the need of sinus lift surgery by ARP in maxillary molar areas and to assess the feasibility clinically, radiologically and histologically. Ten maxillary molars in ten patients had severe vertical bone resorption with minimal residual bone height. They were considered having the high possibility of the necessity of sinus lift procedure for dental implant after the extraction. After extraction, open healing ARP with deproteinized bovine bone mineral mixed with 10% collagen and resorbable collagen membranes was performed. After sufficient healing, dental implants were placed, and evaluated clinically and radiologically. Histological observation was conducted just before the implantation in one patient. Implants were successfully placed without sinus lift in all ten cases. All the implants were restored with no sign of complications, and patients are now in a close follow-up up to 20 months post-loading. Histological observation showed minimal inflammatory reaction and newly formed bone was substantially noted. The ARP technique has successfully avoided the sinus lift surgeries. It appears that this procedure may improve the simplicity of the clinical process for the clinicians and reduce the discomfort of patients.