• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3223-3228
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• 2013

Gene expression profiling (GEP) has identified several molecular subtypes of breast cancer, with different clinico-pathologic features and exhibiting different responses to chemotherapy. However, GEP is expensive and not available in the developing countries where the majority of patients present at advanced stage. The St Gallen Consensus in 2011 proposed use of a simplified, four immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker panel (ER, PR, HER2, Ki67/Tumor Grade) for molecular classification. The present study was conducted in 75 newly diagnosed patients of breast cancer with large (>5cm) tumors to evaluate the association of IHC surrogate molecular subtype with the clinical response to presurgical chemotherapy, evaluated by the WHO criteria, 3 weeks after the third cycle of 5 flourouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide (FAC regimen). The subtypes of luminal, basal-like and HER2 enriched were found to account for 36.0 % (27/75), 34.7 % (26/75) and 29.3% (22/75) of patients respectively. Ten were luminal A and 14 luminal B (8 HER2 negative and 6HER2 positive). The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was most sensitive to chemotherapy with 19% achieving clinical-complete-response (cCR) followed by HER2 enriched (2/22 (9%) cCR), luminal B (1/6 (7%) cCR) and luminal A (0/10 (0%) cCR). Heterogeneity was observed within each subgroup, being most marked in the TNBC although the most responding tumors, 8% developing clinical-progressive-disease. The study supports association of molecular subtypes with response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced breast cancer and the existence of further heterogeneity within subtypes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.61-69
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• 2016

Objectives : This study is to propose discriminative keys with stereoscope for minute seed herbs easily mixed up, but hard to discriminate by naked eyes: Alli Tuberosi Semen(ATS)✳Alli Fistulosi Semen(AFS), Malvae Semen(MS)✳ Abutili Semen(AS), Plantaginis Semen(PS)✳Schizonepetae Semen(SS).Objectives : We reviewed the description of original plants and medicinal herbs from literature. The specimen of original plant were collected, determinated and compared to samples in the market. Primary classification was performed with naked eyes. and we found out other discrimination keys for non-distinctive herbs with stereoscope. Discrimination keys were set as the morphological criteria of authentic herbs, percentage of adulteration, and standards for discriminating genuine herbs from adulteration.Results : 1) ATS is bigger, has reticulate pattern on protuberant side and unique garlic chives taste. AFS which is usually mixed up, is smaller, has 1~2 ridges and unique welsh onion taste. 2) MS is smaller, has no villus, but its length of bumps are similar. AS easily mixed up, is bigger and has white villus. Its upper side bump is longer and more sharp. 3) PS has dent at middle of the back side. It becomes very sticky when it is put or boiled in water. SS which can be mixed up has no dent and low viscosity compared to PS.Conclusions : With this result, we propose discriminative keys which can identify the original plants and processed herbal state of six herbs. Because minute medicinal herbs are hardly distinguishable by sensory test, It is essential to differentiate by using stereoscope.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.350-358
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• 2013

Due to recent change in fire stations, this study aims to propose improved directions for planning of 119 rescue centers through its analysis of spatial organization and characteristics by functional area based in case studies of new-design centers. The Korean 119 rescue centers have changed in terms of function and roles in line with the flow of changing social environments, so it has been required to give new spatial change to these centers. It's meant in this study to classify compulsory special service spaces for the 119 rescue centers by domain and to suggest design guidelines for each type of spaces. Eight case of recue centers that were newly built in and after 2008 were selected and analyzed to serve the purpose. Finally, the results of this study were as followed: First, each of the rescue centers is divided into several domain depending on the type of work, and there are meaningful characteristics in the vertical and horizontal spatial layout of the individual spaces. Second, there are specific differences among the spaces in the spatial occupation percentage. The percentage of the space for community service is obviously lower in the 119 rescue centers in Seoul than in Incheon. Third, the domain classification criteria of this study are selected based on earlier studies, and another space for community service is newly added as a result of making a case study.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-123
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• 2001

One of the most pronounced phenomenon among the changes in the 1990s' Korean labor market is the growth of the share of temporary and daily workers. Yet, it is still not clear exactly how the phenomenon should be interpreted. In order to look into the phenomenon, the paper introduces various definitions of employment status based upon multi-dimensional classification criteria and estimates their sizes using the EAPS Supplemental Survey of August 2000 by the National Statistical Office of Korea. According to the data set, the share of temporary employment by the OECD standards is 17.6% which is higher than most European countries but not far away from them unlike some popular claims. Further, it is shown that the high proportion of temporary and daily workers among the employees, currently above 50%, is possibly due not only to the increased employment instability but also to the widened differentiation among workers in terms of fringe benefits such as the retirement pay and social insurances.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.373-380
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• 2017

Recently, virtual reality contents are being experimented and introduced in various fields such as game, education, medical, exhibition, movie, SNS. However, research on virtual reality is mainly focused on industrial and technological perspectives, so contents-centric or contents-oriented research is on virtual reality is very rare. In order to prepare for the future of virtual reality properly, content-oriented research is very much needed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types, characteristics, and possibilities of virtual reality contents applied to theme parks. For this purpose, we tried to classify the contents type of virtual reality based theme park. The criteria of type classification are divided into 'fixed type', 'continuous moving type', and 'segmented moving type' according to the player's position movement possibility and movement type, here we combine the senses such as tactile, taste, smell, balance etc.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.527-535
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• 2020

The purpose of research is to examine mothers with elementary school children in Chungcheong and the convergence effect of recognition of food labeling standards on purchasing behavior. A two-step cluster analysis was performed for group classification according to the purchase behavior of processed foods and the collection was determined by Schwarz's BIC criteria. Three types were determined: "convenience pursuit," "large mart preference," and "high cost reverse purchase". The proportion of college graduates in 'large mart preference' was higher, the proportion of employment mothers in 'high cost reverse purchase' was higher, and the need for food labeling standards was higher in 'large mart preference'. 'Shelf life' was recognized as the most important item. 'Large market preference' scored higher in 'used materials' and 'food additives', 'nutrition labelling'. In order to improve the purchasing behavior of processed foods, above all else, it is necessary to develop customized educational media that can be easily applied to real life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.618-626
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• 2011

Recent development of related technologies and efficient utilization of the entire country for the purpose of railway construction, and plans are being accelerated. the railway noise has been improved by increasing the high speed railway station, and accelerating the existing trains. Nord2000 which is an overseas noise prediction equation could not be applied directly to the domestic railway vehicles. So the specific vehicles in the Nordic countries which is a similar specification to domestic trains should be selected. Nord2000's accuracy was compared to Schall03, CRN's. Prediction of Ground impedance and Roughness class were carried out at different. In this paper, the result of selected vehicles for Nord2000 was as follows. S-1aX2 was for express trains, N-$^*2c$-3b was for Mugunghwa, S-Pass/wood was for Saemaul, N-4a was for freight trains, N-3a was for subway, the calculation time for Nord2000 took longer than others, in addition, Ground absorption was indispensable to calculate a noise map for Nord2000. As a result, CRN's prediction noise levels at Wonju-si was closest to the measurements. However, the predicted noise levels of Nord2000 was the most accurate.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.606-617
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• 1986

During the period from November 1981 through June 1986, 18 cases of coronary arterial bypass graft were performed at Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. They consisted of 13 males and 5 females with the mean age of 49 [range: 28-69 years]. History of myocardial infarction was noted in 50% of the patients and cardiomegaly on chest PA in 2 patients with preserved LV function. On resting EKG, except the evidences of old myocardial infarction, the findings of LVH were noted in 7 cases, acute myocardial infarction in 2, diffuse myocardial ischemia in 1, and significant ventricular arrhythmia in 2 cases. The angina by type of presentation is stable in 3 patients, unstable in 15 patients with resting, postinfarction and progressive angina as the criteria of unstability. The patterns of involvement of significant disease were single vessel involvement [5 cases] double vessel involvement [8 cases], and triple vessel involvement [5 cases] including 5 cases of left main coronary arterial diseases. The pattern of coronary arterial disease in individual patient was one or more stenosis of the proximal left coronary arterial system with or without right coronary involvement, in every case. We performed 9 cases of double bypass and 9 cases of triple bypass with great saphenous vein using single anastomosis technique except in 4 cases, One of the 4 cases is our first case, sequential anastomosis between LAD and diagonal was performed due to shortage of the prepared vein graft. In the other 3 cases, our latest experience, we adopted the left internal mammary artery for the left anterior descending coronary revascularization. The distribution of sites of distal anastomosis revealed more striking predilection to LAD, showing our attention on the significance of the revascularization of LAD system. The ischemic time was 35 minutes per graft and mean number of grafts per patient was 2.5. Of the 18 patients, 13 [77.2%] had complete revascularization, and incomplete in 5 cases with the causes of incompleteness as presented. The early results of operation were as followed: surgical death in 2 [11%], perioperative infarction 2 [11%], need of inotropic support 5 [28%], arrhythmia 2 [11%], wound problem, bleeding, and emotional dysfunction. The actuarial anginal free survival during the period of 6 months through 2 years was 85.2% with excellent symptomatic control according to the angina classification of Canadian Cardiovascular Society.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.191-208
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of pharmacopuncture in Korean patent in order to establish database for patent technology. Methods : Electronic literature searches for Korean patents related to pharmacopuncture were performed in two electronic databases (Korea Intellectual Property Right Information Service and National Digital Science Library) to June 2017. Patents that were not Korean ones, did not use medicinal herb, only described method of manufacture, or had nothing to do with pharmacopuncture were excluded in this study. The status and application date of patents, Medicinal herb, target diseases, International Patent Classification (IPC), model of experiment and extracting methods were analyzed. Results : A total of 379 patents were retrieved. Based on our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 297 patents were excluded. Of 82 included patents, 27 patents did not include experiments using pharmacopuncture, and 9 patents were invented for treating animals such as pig or calf. In IPC analysis, Bee Venom, Panax (ginseng), Angelica, and Paeoniaceae were used frequently. Musculoskeletal diseases were the most targeted diseases followed by nervous diseases. For extracting, hot water extraction, distillation extraction, and solvent extraction using alcohol, ethanol, or methanol for solvent were commonly used. Conclusions : These data are useful for inventing new patent and extending range of pharmacopuncture in clinical use, however, more systematically analyzed patent studies and pharmacopuncture-related studies for new application on various diseases are needed in further studies.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.577-584
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine how the term Yin-Yang and Sasang categorized in the book "Huangdineijing". In order to investigate how the terms are used, we reviewed the text including the terms expressed in the manner of [(Yin/Yang) within (Yin/Yang)] and [Sasang]. We found three forms of expressions; [(Yin/Yang) within (Yin/Yang)], [Sasang], [(Sasang) within (Yin/Yang)]. Two paragraphs of [(Yin/Yang) within (Yin/Yang)] was found in one chapter, two paragraphs of [(Sasang)] was found in two chapters, and three paragraphs of [(Sasang) within (Yin/Yang)] was found in three chapters. We found five types of relation between [(Yin/Yang) within (Yin/Yang)], [Sasang], and five phases in "Huangdi neijing" as follows; (1) Yang within Yin, lesser Yang, and wood (2) Yang within Yang, greater Yang, and fire (3) ( ), ( ), and extreme Yin (4) Yin within Yang, lesser Yin, and metal, and (5) Yin within Yin, greater Yin, and water. And, as for the [(Yin/Yang) within (Yin/Yang)] and [(Sasang) within (Yin/Yang)], the classification criteria for Yin-Yang were brightness, abdomen/back or lumbar. The order of Sasang with the description form of [Sasang] or [(Sasang) within (Yin/Yang)] in "Siqi Tiaoshen Dalun" and "Liu Jie ZangXiang Theory" was lesser Yang, greater Yang, greater Yin, and lesser Yin, which is based on the meridian system or a plant-shaped change order. We discussed the results and its implication for the analysis of medical classics with the consideration of previous studies on Yin-Yang theories in "Huangdi neijing".