• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2008

The major categories of neuroendocrine tumors of lung are typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The histologic classification criteria of neuroendocrine tumors are well documented in the "WHO Classification of Tumors" based on mitotic figures and necrosis. Cytologic characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors are trabecular, acinar, and solid arrangement of tumor cells and occasional rosette formation. Nuclear chromatin patterns are characteristically described as "salt and pepper chromatin pattern". Many of cytologic classifications documented in the literature are before the "WHO Classification". In this review, the cytologic features of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors are documented according to the WHO classification, and recent concepts of neuroendocrine tumors of lung are discussed.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.597-607
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• 2023

Volumetric 3D displays generate voxels to enable users to watch three-dimensional virtual objects from various angles, and they have a significant advantage over other types of 3D displays in terms of realism and the absence of vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). By virtue of these advantages, various volumetric 3D display technologies incorporating novel approaches have been introduced competitively. As a result, the conventional classification criteria for volumetric 3D technology often fall short in categorizing these innovative methods. In this study, we present an improved classification framework capable of accommodating these new technologies. We expect that a new classification may offer some intuition to identify areas of technical deficiency and contribute to improving the technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare values, characteristics and the world heritage listed tendency of walls in East Asia. Walls in East Asia are similar by the geographically adjacent, type, form and materials, etc. Thus to demonstrate the differentiation is not easy, but walls heritage of a tentative list or listed on the UNESCO World Heritage were discriminated by the evaluation criteria of world heritage. Hidden problems are not to be described the differences by the consistent manner. So we need efforts to separate the distinction and originality of walls according to the characteristics of each heritage. As the method of this study, we reviewed the terminology associated with the wall and then have examined the following four aspects as the characteristics of each heritage category. 1) Classification according to the function and purpose, 2) Classification according to the type and size of the walls(the length of wall), 3) Classification according to the location and topography, 4) Classification according to materials and technology(construction method). And we have analyzed the tendency of OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) of the world heritage listed wall. Also we examined the value basis of the differences and similarities presented by each heritage. In the future, we should complement the following two aspects of the wall heritage in East Asia for comparing the exact value. first, we ought to come up with a system that we can easily compare the similarities and differences of similar walls heritage. Second, we have to make every effort to describe the walls heritage by considering OUV evaluation criteria to be able to share with people all around the world.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.337-345
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• 2007

The purposes of this study are to investigate and compare the characteristics of classification criteria of secondary school students and science teachers in relation to the three statesof matter. For this research, 76 middle school students in the7th grade who studied microscopic viewpoints about classifying the state of matter for the first time, 69 high school students in the 12th grade who studied Chemistry I and IIcourses successfully, and 130 secondary school science teachers, through a questionnaire. As a result, while having learned the three states of matter in the microscopic viewpoints, the majority of middle school students showed a high percentage of classification in the macroscopic viewpoints. For high school students, their percentage of classification included highmicroscopic viewpoints about solid and gas, the percentage of classification included macroscopic viewpoints about liquid state as alsohigh. The secondary school teachers gave answers in the macroscopic viewpoints and microscopic viewpoints equally, but their answers were just representation of the viewpoints list without the meaningful connection of the two type of viewpoints. To solve these problems, It is necessary to form connective change from the macroscopic viewpoints to the microscopic viewpoints about the criteria for classifying the States of Matter and various educational efforts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2008

Even though many researchers studied the foot shape and dimension, those applications lacked. The purpose of this study was to develop insole pattern of elderly women according to footprint. Discrepancy in the classification criteria among of foot parameters complicates attempts for elderly women classification of foot sole. To develop a footprint-based classification technique for the classification of foot sole types by allowing simultaneous use of several parameters. Foot sole data from static standing footprints were recorded from 48 elderly women. The factors of footprint shape were determined. Cluster analysis was applied to obtain individual foot sole classifications. The classification model of foot insole is proposed for a classification of footprint in elderly women. An application of ANOVA, Duncan's analysis, frequency analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis have been made to footprint data. In order to make clear foot sole characteristics, the factors of footprint shape have been discussed. The results are as follows. The factors of footprint shape have been classified into four types: foot length, sole slope, outside sole slope, and foot width. The types of foot sole shape have been classified into four types: longed, shortened, outside sloped, and toes sloped.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2012

In Korea more than 38,000 types of hazardous material(HAZMAT) are distributed, accordingly the accidents during transportation are also increasing. The agencies related to HAZMAT such as Environment Ministry, National Emergency Management Agency and National Police Agency have their own regulations. However, the classification criteria of HAZMAT are different to each other, which causes many problems in response to transportation accidents. In this study the classification standard of HAZMAT and the classification code using CAS number are suggested to manage HAZMAT efficiently. Through efficient management and standard classification of HAZMAT, the rapid and systematic response to transportation accidents related to HAZMAT is expected to be possible.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.103-109
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a dynamic document classification method which breaks away from existing document classification method with artificial categorization rules focusing on suppliers and has changing categorization rules according to users' needs or social trends. The core of this dynamic document classification method lies in the fact that it creates classification criteria real-time by using topic modeling techniques without standardized category rules, which does not force users to use unnecessary frames. In addition, it can also search the details through the relevance analysis by calculating the relationship between the words that is difficult to grasp by word frequency alone. Rather than for logical and systematic documents, this method proposed can be used more effectively for situation analysis and retrieving information of unstructured data which do not fit the category of existing classification such as VOC (Voice Of Customer), SNS and customer reviews of Internet shopping malls and it can react to users' needs flexibly. In addition, it has no process of selecting the classification rules by the suppliers and in case there is a misclassification, it requires no manual work, which reduces unnecessary workload.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2012

Purpose: To develop therapeutic duplication criteria for the drugs used for respiratory diseases. Method: Therapeutic duplication was defined as "more than 2 drug ingredient-usage in which each has the same therapeutic effect and combination therapy does not confer additional therapeutic benefit". Respiratory system drugs approved in Korea were examined for the study. The WHO's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System was used for grouping of the corresponding drug ingredients. The principles and recommendations on combination usage or multiple drug regimens were reviewed by using the clinical practice guidelines, textbooks, product labelings, and clinical articles. Clinical expert group consultation was performed and expert opinions were incorporated into the final criteria. Results: Nine hundred sixty two drug products with Korean Food and Drug Administration classification codes of 141, 149, 222, and 229 were evaluated, of which 87 active ingredients were composed. The drug ingredients were classified into 12 groups (antihistamines, oral nasal decongestants, leukotriene receptor antagonists, inhaled anticholinergics, inhaled corticosteroids, oral ${\beta}2$-agonists, long-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists, short-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists, xanthines, antiallergics, mucolytics and cough suppressants). The use of more than 2 drug ingredients including the same group was therapeutic duplication, and thus combination should be recommended not to be used. Conclusion: Twelve drug groups were identified as therapeutic duplication criteria. Combination therapy within each group should not be used otherwise therapeutic benefits outweigh potential risks.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2014

Liquefied natural gas(LNG) cargo containment system(CCS) has the primary function of ensuring both adequate structural safety with respect to sloshing load which is defined as a violent behaviour of the liquid contents in CCS due to external forced motions and thermal insulation keeping natural gas below its boiling point. Among different LNG CCS types such as independent B-type and membrane ones, Mark III CCS is considered in this paper to perform its strength assessment. Mark III CCS plate is designed and constructed by stacking various non-metallic engineering materials such as plywood, triplex, reinforced PU foam that are supported by series of mastic upon inner steel hull structure. From the viewpoint of structural analysis, this plated structure is treated as a laminated composite structure showing complex structural behaviour under external load. Advanced finite element models of Mark III CCS plate is generated and used in conjunction with ultimate strength based failure criteria from laminated composite mechanics for the strength assessment. The strength assessment is performed within the initial failure state of Mark III CCS plate. Results provide failure details such as failure locations and loads. Finally obtained results are reviewed using the loads from acceptance criteria suggested by classification.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.591-599
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• 2021

Rail transit agencies in Korea have been struggling to set up a performance-based rail facility maintenance plan because there are no formal definition and decision criteria for aging infrastructure. This study investigates the definition of aging infrastructure through extensive literature review and identifies benchmarking criteria through comparison with rail transit facility management systems in Korea and United States. As results, an aging infrastructure should be defined considering both service age and performance level of a facility. The priority of repair/replacement should be also determined with reasonable criteria based on relationship between service age and performance level. To determine the definition and decision criteria, a practicable classification system for aging rail transit needs to be established in accordance with classification system for performance assessment. Furthermore, a comprehensive database needs to be built including useful life, performance level, and maintenance cost of each component of rail transit. It will allow establishing an efficient budget execution plan for aging infrastructure.