• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.67.2-67.2
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• 2010

We present results of searching for the Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs; internal luminosity : $L_{int}$ < $0.1(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$) in the Gould's Belt clouds using observations from 3.6 to 70 micron by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The clouds are California, Chamaeleon I, III, Musca, Lupus V, VI, Scorpius, Serpens, Corona Australis, Cepheus, and IC 5146 having the properties of active low-mass star-forming such as the Taurus cloud. The observing sensitivity of the Spitzer data is estimated to be about $L_{int}\;\geq\;5\times10^{-3}(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$, a factor of 20 better than that of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The observing data were processed by the c2d Legacy pipeline. As the criteria to select the VeLLOs, we slightly modified previous ones by Dunham et al. The most important criterion is a flux density at 70 micron that is directly converted to the internal luminosity. Also, we used additional criteria to remove the contamination of evolved stars and extragalaxies which have colors or SEDs very similar to YSOs. We identified a total of 64 new embedded VeLLO candidates with $L_{int}$ < $0.1(d/140pc)^2\;L\odot$, consisting of 8 in California, 15 in Chamaeleon-Musca, 13 in Scorpius-Lupus, 20 in Serpens, 3 in Corona Australis, 3 in Cepheus, and 2 in IC 5146. The classification of the spectral index (${\alpha}$) fitted to the shape of the Ks-24 micron SEDs shows most of VeLLO candidates (89%) are in types of Class I and Flat spectrum. We plot various diagrams based on their 2MASS-Spitzer bands colors and magnitudes to discuss properties of the VeLLOs. This search will lead us new adventure toward a future systematic study of the VeLLOs.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2011

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is widely accepted in industry and particularly UML State Machine Diagram is popular for describing the dynamic behavior of classes. This paper discusses deadlock detection of System using UML State Machine Diagram. Since a State Machine Diagram is used for indivisual class' behavior, all the State Machine Diagrams of the classes in the system are combined to make a big system-wide State Machine Diagram to describe system behavior. Generally this system-wide State Machine Diagram is very complex and contains invalid state and transitions. To make it a usable and valid State Machine Diagram, synchronization and externalization are applied. The reduced State Machine Diagram can be used for describing system behavior thus conventional model-checking technique can be applied. This paper shows how deadlock detection of system can be applied with simple examples. All the procedures can be automatically done in the tool.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.137-160
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• 2001

This paper is to suggest the way to improve EFL reading skill through semantic mapping by leveled group activities. Semantic mapping is a categorical structuring of information in graphic forms or diagrams. It can be used to activate and organize background knowledge on topics in classrooms. For small group activities, the class is divided into higher leveled groups and lower leveled groups of four members based on their grades. The teaching process has three stages: Pre-reading, while-reading, and post-reading. In the pre-reading stage, students discuss what they know about the topic. They map ideas with a brainstorming technique. In the while-reading stage, they read the text about the topic. While they are reading, they could ask some questions they might have and discuss the information in the text and categorize them with semantic mapping. In the post-reading stage, they discuss what they thought of the topic and add some information about the topic with semantic mapping. For the subjects of this study, third grade, middle school students were selected: 41 students for the experimental group and 35 students for the control group. The experimental period covered almost one semester from March to August, 2000. The results were as follows: 1) The students in the experimental group had higher scores in reading comprehension than those in the control group when semantic mapping was used; 2) The use of semantic mapping in reading comprehension was found to be much more effective in the higher leveled group than in the lower leveled group; 3) The results of questionnaires showed that many students became more interested and motivated in English, and semantic mapping helped them to participate positively in reading the English text. Thus, using semantic mapping by leveled group activities can be an effective alternative to traditional teaching methods for teachers who desire to improve reading skill in middle school students' English classes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.59-66
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• 2021

This study is to verify the effectiveness of initial planning verification using paper prototyping while methodologies are being developed to verify the direction of game planning in a short time at low cost since it is having a hard time to verify the direction and fun of the game by taking a lot of capital and time in the initial planning process as the game development becomes larger. It conducted paper prototyping production for about 40 students who are learning game planning for a semester, and trained them on how to motivate using core mechanical diagrams, scrums, and basic psychological needs that can effectively materialize the ideas of their early game planning. Through this curriculum, board games were completed with eleven paper prototyping, and it was confirmed that students who participated in the class were meaningful in verifying fun and securing gameability through cross-play.

• School Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-173
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• 2011

Problem representation is a key aspect in solving word problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of instructional program based on visual schema representing five types of word problems(Marshall, 1995). Two second grade classes of an elementary school located in Seoul were participated in this study. In experimental class, an instructional program including schema tools were suggested and administered and the other comparison group did have regular classes using diagrams and tables. Pre and post test including 15 word problems each were utilized to test students' problem solving ability. In addition, test scores on students' language ability were used to control the effects of word comprehension level on problem solving. The result revealed that experimental group showed higher problem representation and solving scores after controling the effects of pre-test. In addition, there was significant positive correlation between the ability to apply exact problem schema and problem solving results. The correlation was .58. This study showed even in the early developmental stage young students can get benefits from having instructions of word problem schema.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.583-590
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• 2007

The significance of Han medicine (韓醫學), the Korean traditional medicine, that has lasted throughout the past couple millenniums relies upon Han Philosophy distinguished by its uniqueness. In brief, the specificity of Han medicine is characterized by unity of spirit and body, part and whole. According to this theory, when curing a frozen shoulder, it is usually cured by acupuncturing the area around the part that aches, but also doing so on the area that is totally different from the aching part such as the opposite part of the body. In fact, this can be pursued only through aspects that enable one to realize the unity of part and whole, and a ground for this possibility bases upon the crux of Eastern Philosophy, I-ching(역), such as theory of Five Elements (음양오행) and Three Pillars(삼재). In Western set theory, the issues of Class(부류) and elements(요원), whole and part were independently discussed in the area of mereology, and the question of part and whole was encountered with aporia and paradox since Greek ancient philosophy. At the turn of this century, many philosophers endeavored to pursue academic inquiry to resolve this paradox, especially by Russell and Whitehead through ${\ll}$Principia Mathematica${\gg}$ at the beginning of this century. in the process, there came out a phrase 'Russell's Paradox'. Russell himself proposed a typological resolution as an answer to the inquiry. However, 'Russell's Paradox' still remains as an aporia even till present days. During medieval period, this inquiry was even considered as 'insolubia'. Throughout this paper, 1 attempt to provide an analytic aspect on 'Russell's Paradox' from an unique thinking method and perspective of Han medicine that embodies the concept of 'unity of part and whole'. To do so, 1 suggest a physiological model in the first place depicted by diagrams of Circle 원, Quadrangle 방, Triangle 각(CQT) that portray the logic of Hado or Hotu 하도 which is 'the pattern from the river Ho'. That is to suggest that CQT원방각 of Hado can De a logical foundation that explains the notions of spirit (정신,뇌), internal organs(장부), and meridian system which functions as a solution to the question of 'Russell's Paradox'. There are precedent academic works examining the issue from philosophical aspect such as Sangil Kim's ${\ulcorner}$Han medicine과 러셀역설 해의${\lrcorner}$ Han Medicine and Resolution of Russell's Paradox(2005), and this analysis will further attempt to critically examine such works from a perspective of Han medicine.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.549-571
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• 2024

As digital·AI-based teaching and learning is emphasized, discussions on the educational use of generative AI are becoming more active. This study analyzed the mathematical performance of ChatGPT 4, Claude 3 Opus, and Gemini Advanced on solving examples and problems from five first-year high school math textbooks. As a result of examining the overall correct answer rate and characteristics of each skill for a total of 1,317 questions, ChatGPT 4 had the highest overall correct answer rate of 0.85, followed by Claude 3 Opus at 0.67, and Gemini Advanced at 0.42. By skills, all three models showed high correct answer rates in 'Find functions' and 'Prove', while relatively low correct answer rates in 'Explain' and 'Draw graphs'. In particular, in 'Count', ChatGPT 4 and Claude 3 Opus had a correct answer rate of 1.00, while Gemini Advanced was low at 0.56. Additionally, all models had difficulty in explaining using Venn diagrams and creating images. Based on the research results, teachers should identify the strengths and limitations of each AI model and use them appropriately in class. This study is significant in that it suggested the possibility of use in actual classes by analyzing the mathematical performance of generative AI. It also provided important implications for redefining the role of teachers in mathematics education in the era of artificial intelligence. Further research is needed to develop a cooperative educational model between generative AI and teachers and to study individualized learning plans using AI.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2015

Object-oriented programming languages have been widely selected for developing modern information systems. The use of concepts relating to object-oriented (OO, in short) programming has reduced efforts of reusing pre-existing codes, and the OO concepts have been proved to be a useful in interpreting system requirements. In line with this, we have witnessed that a modern conceptual modeling approach supports features of object-oriented programming. Unified Modeling Language or UML becomes one of de-facto standards for information system designers since the language provides a set of visual diagrams, comprehensive frameworks and flexible expressions. In a modeling process, UML users need to consider relationships between classes. Based on an explicit and clear representation of classes, the conceptual model from UML garners necessarily attributes and methods for guiding software engineers. Especially, identifying an association between a class of part and a class of whole is included in the standard grammar of UML. The representation of part-whole relationship is natural in a real world domain since many physical objects are perceived as part-whole relationship. In addition, even abstract concepts such as roles are easily identified by part-whole perception. It seems that a representation of part-whole in UML is reasonable and useful. However, it should be admitted that the use of UML is limited due to the lack of practical guidelines on how to identify a part-whole relationship and how to classify it into an aggregate- or a composite-association. Research efforts on developing the procedure knowledge is meaningful and timely in that misleading perception to part-whole relationship is hard to be filtered out in an initial conceptual modeling thus resulting in deterioration of system usability. The current method on identifying and classifying part-whole relationships is mainly counting on linguistic expression. This simple approach is rooted in the idea that a phrase of representing has-a constructs a par-whole perception between objects. If the relationship is strong, the association is classified as a composite association of part-whole relationship. In other cases, the relationship is an aggregate association. Admittedly, linguistic expressions contain clues for part-whole relationships; therefore, the approach is reasonable and cost-effective in general. Nevertheless, it does not cover concerns on accuracy and theoretical legitimacy. Research efforts on developing guidelines for part-whole identification and classification has not been accumulated sufficient achievements to solve this issue. The purpose of this study is to provide step-by-step guidelines for identifying and classifying part-whole relationships in the context of UML use. Based on the theoretical work on Meta-model Formalization, self-check forms that help conceptual modelers work on part-whole classes are developed. To evaluate the performance of suggested idea, an experiment approach was adopted. The findings show that UML users obtain better results with the guidelines based on Meta-model Formalization compared to a natural language classification scheme conventionally recommended by UML theorists. This study contributed to the stream of research effort about part-whole relationships by extending applicability of Meta-model Formalization. Compared to traditional approaches that target to establish criterion for evaluating a result of conceptual modeling, this study expands the scope to a process of modeling. Traditional theories on evaluation of part-whole relationship in the context of conceptual modeling aim to rule out incomplete or wrong representations. It is posed that qualification is still important; but, the lack of consideration on providing a practical alternative may reduce appropriateness of posterior inspection for modelers who want to reduce errors or misperceptions about part-whole identification and classification. The findings of this study can be further developed by introducing more comprehensive variables and real-world settings. In addition, it is highly recommended to replicate and extend the suggested idea of utilizing Meta-model formalization by creating different alternative forms of guidelines including plugins for integrated development environments.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-67
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the external systems and the units 'problem solving and invention' of the middle school technology and home economics 1 textbooks of the revised 2011 national curriculum in an effort to provide some information on the content system of invention education in technology class, as invention education was provided as part of a regular subject for the first time. The findings of the study were as follows: First, 'Technology and Inventions' chapter of Technology and Home Economics 1 Textbooks occupied 10-18% share, with the subchapter of 'Problem Solving and Invention' unit taking up 6.7-29% of the textbooks. Second, for most textbooks, 'Technological Problem Solving', 'Idea Generation' 'Multi-dimensional Projection Method', 'Expansive Thought-Processing Methodology', 'Converging Thought Methodology' and 'Invention in Everyday Lives' were included as main contents based on the accomplishment criteria presented in education process interpretation documents. Third, the detailed structures were generally made up as follows: Introduction (Broad Chapter Title, Subchapter Table of Contents, Introduction, Subchapter Title, Study Objectives, Open Thinking); Development (Unit Title, Thinking Ahead, Core Terms, Main Text, Study Helper, Activities, Research Exercises, Supplemental Readings, In-depth Study Topics, Technology in Everyday Lives, Reading Topics, Discussion Topics, and Career Helpers); and Summary (Subchapter Summary, Study Summary, Terms Summary, Writing Follow-up, Self Review, Broad Chapter Evaluation). Fourth, based on the analysis of figures included, photographs had the largest share, followed by figures, tables, and graphs. The photos were used to illustrate various inventions, invention methodologies, and exercise activities, while figures were included to depict the contents included in the main text, and the tables to assist to preparation of process diagrams or materials lists. Fifth, based on the analysis of content weights, greater weights were placed on 'Inventions and Thoughts', and 'Invention Experiment Activities,' while 'Understanding Inventions' and 'Invention and Patents' chapters did not have a lot of texts involved. Sixth, based on the analysis of content presentation methods, most textbooks combined figures, tables, illustrations and texts to discuss the topics. Based on the above study results, we suggest the following: First, a consistent education curriculum should be developed over the topic of invention; and second, more precise and systematic analysis of textbooks would need to be performed.