• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1988

The primary aim of this study was to access the degree of marginal leakage in composite resin inlay restorations. Class V cavities were prepared on sixty extracted premolars. They were classified as control group and experimental group 1, 2 and each group was filled with BIS-FIL $I^{(R)}$ and $Silux^{(R)}$ composite resins. In the control group, the composite resin was inserted directly, the experimental group 2 was inserted as composite resin inlay after heat treatment on $125^{\circ}C$, 10 minutes. Then thermocycling was performed 1000 times. After staining with 1% Basic Fuchsin, they were cut in Buccolingual direction and the degree of penetration of the dye was examined under L/M. The following results were obtained : 1. In occlusal margin area, difference in marginal leakage was not observed in all groups. 2. In gingival margin area, cavities filled with composite resin inlay was less marginal leakage than filled directly in BIS-FIL $I^{(R)}$ group, and statistical significant difference was not existed in $Silux^{(R)}$ group. 3. The statistical significance was not existed between composite resin inlay and composite resin inlay heated secondarily. 4. In all groups, gingival margin area reveals more marginal leakage than occlusal margin area and statistical significance was existed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.187-196
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of retrofilled teeth with various materials [non-zinc Amalgam, IRM, Ketac-silver, CGP(cold-burnished, ultrafil)[and instruments for cavity preparation. Root apex were resected 2mm from apex horizontally and class I cavities were prepared in 2mm denpth, 1.5mm width and were filled with above mentioned materials. Root apex were resected 2mm from apex horizontally and class I cavities were prepared in 2mm depth, 1. 5mm width and were filled with above mentioned materials. 2% methylene blue dye solution was used for 4 days immersion and the linear leakage was measured with calipers and the volumetric leakage was determined with a spectrophotometer. The results were as follows : 1. Amalgam group showed the greatest amount of leakage and Ketac-silver group showed the least value. 2. By linear leakage test, the group retrofilled with Ketac-silver, or CGP showed better seal than the group of Amalgam or IRM. This was shown in both retrograde tip and Conventional method. 3. By volumetric leakage test, the group retrofilled with Ketac-silver showed significantly better seal than the group with IRM in retrograde tip method. 4. By volumetric leakage test, the group retrofilled with Ketac-silver showed significantly better seal than the group with Amalgam in the Conventional method.

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2003년도 제120회 추계학술대회 제 5차 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회
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• pp.617-617
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• 2003

I. Objectives This study was done to evaluate whether or not there are any differences in microleakage of the class 5 composite restoration that were filled at the smooth surface and the proximal surface respectively. In addition any differences between small and large-sized restoration were also studied. II. Materials and Methods Total sixty-four class 5 resin restorations, sixteen per group, were made in the permanent teeth. Two-sized cavities, small ($2{\;}{\times}{\;}2{\;}{\times}{\;}1.5{\;}mm$) and large ($4{\;}{\times}{\;}2{\;}{\times}{\;}1.5{\;}mm$), were filled at the smooth surface and the proximal surface each.(omitted)

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 1997

This study investigated the effects of laser irradiation on the exposed pulp and the possibility of direct pulp capping with the $CO_2$ laser. Results were obtained from the observation of the residual pulpal healing process. Class V cavities on 48 anterior teeth from 8 adult dogs were prepared and pulp chambers were intentionally opened with dental explorer. The control group consisted of 16 teeth. $Dycal^{(R)}$(Caulk Co., U.S.A.) was applied to exposed site once bleeding was stopped. Cavities were sealed with $I.R.M^{(R)}$. In the experimental group 1 (16 teeth), laser(LASERSAT $CO_2^{(R)}$, Satelec Co.) was irradiated on the exposed pulp. The laser procedure followed the manufacturers recommendations for the treatment of human pulp(1.5 Watts, 0.2 seconds, unfocused), and cavities were sealed with $I.R.M^{(R)}$. In the experimental group 2 (16 teeth), laser was irradiated on the exposed pulp in a more powerful dosage(5.0 Watts, 0.2 seconds, unfocused), and cavities were sealed with $I.R.M^{(R)}$. Two dogs were sacrificed immediately after experiment and the others were sacrificed at intervals of one, three, and eight weeks respectively. All teeth were routinely processed and the pulpal tissues and odontoblastic layers were observed by the light microscope. The results were as follows; 1. In the control group, the initial mild inflammation had improved to normal by week eight. An active formation of reparative dentin was observed at week three, and at week eight, a firm dentin bridge was present beneath the $Dycal^{(R)}$ with no inflammatory responses in the remaining pulp. 2. In the experimental group 1, immediately following irradiation, the superficial shape of the exposed pulp was crater-like. And it was lined with the coagulated layer, $60{\sim}70{\mu}m$ in width. Moderate inflammatory pulpal conditions existing at week one were improved to mild at week eight. And from the week three specimens, a reparative dentin formation was observed in the adjacent odontoblastic layer of the exposed site. A dentin bridge at the exposed site, however, did not form during the experimental period. 3. In the experimental group 2, the width of the coagulation layer lining the crater was $70{\sim}130{\mu}m$. Beneath the coagulated layer, severe inflammatory pulpal responses were observed at week one, and conditions did not improve during the experimental period.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.118-125
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• 1991

Eighty - eight recently extracted teeth were used to evaluate the leakage characteristics of the following retrofilling materials; amalgam, zinc oxide eugenol cement, glass - ionomer cement, and cermet glass - ionomer cement. Root canals were prepared with step - back method and obturated with gutta percha and zinc oxide eugenol sealer. Root apex were resected 2 mm from apex and class I cavities were prepared with 2 mm or 4 mm depth. The cavities were filled with above materials. After application of varnish on all surface except resected surface, the roots were placed in 1 % methylene blue solution for 6 days. After longitudinal polishing to expose cental parts of filled materials, penetrated depths of dye were measured. The results were as follws. 1. As retrofilling material, glass ionomer cement filling groups showed less leakage than the other groups except zinc oxide eugenol cement filling group(p<0.01). 2. Amalgam filling groups had greater leakage than zinc oxide eugenol cement filling group(p<0.01). 3. 4 mm depth of retrofilled cavity had no effect on leakage characteristics compared with 2 mm depth cavity(p>0.05). 4. Glass ionomer cement and cermet glass ionomer cement filling groups showed less apical leakage than amalgam filling groups. But there was no statistical significance(p>0.05). 5. There was no difference in apical leakage between glass ionomer cement filling groups and cermet glass ionomer cement filling groups(p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.121-132
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• 1991

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the marginal sealing effect of composite resin inlays according to the luting techniques and compare them to the conventional direct resin filling technique. 90 cavities of class V were prepared on the buccal surface of 90 extracted molar teeth, which were divided into four groups. Cavities of control group were directly filled with Scotchbond 2 and P - 50, and those of composite resin inlay groups were luted with one of the followings: Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement, All bond followed by Adhesive cement, Fuji - ionomer type L All the specimens were immersed in India ink dye solution for 7 days at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator after thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ and longitudinally sectioned with diamond disk inot two parts All the specimens were observed at the occlusal and gingival margins and statistical analysis was performed. The results were as follows: 1. Groups filled with composite resin inlay showed less marginal leakage than the group directly filled(p<0.01). 2. There was no significant difference in marginal leakage between composite resin inlay groups luted with Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement and the group luted with All bond followed by Adhesive cement(p>0.05). 3. At occlusal margins, Composite resin inlay group luted with Adhesive bond followed by Adhesive cement showed less marginal leakage than the group luted with Fuii ionomer type I(p<0.01). At gingival margins, composite resin inlay group luted with All bond followed by Adhesive cement showed less marignal leakage than the group luted with Fuji ionomer type I(P<0.01).

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2003년도 제120회 추계학술대회 제 5차 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회
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• pp.574-574
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• 2003

I. Objectives Newly all-in-one adhesives were developed for reducing the techique sensitivity and chair time, but lots of concerns were made on bondability, longevity, and microleakage. The object of this study was to measure micro leakage and marginal quality of all-in-one adhesives using electrochemical method and SEM analysis quantitatively. II. Materials and Methods After making Class V cavities, they were bulk filled with Heliomolar(＃A1) after surface treatment with three adhesives：Adper Prompt (Group 1), One up bond F (Group 2), Xeno III(Group 3).(omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1977

After a vital pulpotomy in dogs' teeth, the responses of the remaining pulp tissue under calcium hydroxide and formocresol were studied histologically. The class I and V cavities were prepared on the teeth and the pulp was amputated. Calcium hydroxide and formocresol were placed over the amputated tissue and the cavities were sealed with zine oxide eugenol cement and zinc phosphate cement. Animals. were sacrifice after 1, 2, and 3 weeks following the operation. The teeth were decalcfied, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination reveals as follows; 1. Healing of the pulp at the amputation site did not occur in the pulps treated with formocresol. 2. At one week, a thin layer of darker staining tissues just below the necrotic zone was presented in the pulps treated with formocresol. In this stage the tissues beneath the darker staining layer were normal. 3. At two weeks, the cells of the palest staining layer were showed indistinct nucleus which suggested the karyolysis and the karyorrhexis in the pulps treated with formocoresol. As reached to the middle third of the pulp, the odontoblasts were scarcely evident or missed in this stage. 4. At three weeks, the necrotic zone was reached to the middle third of the pulp canal. The cells beneath the zone showed massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pulps treated with formocresol. 5. Dentin bridge in the control group was deposited below the necrotic zone from the two. weeks later. 6. Normal tissues were observed ill the apical third of all. the dental pulps in all case of calcium hydroxide and formocresol.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2001

저광도 중합법, 펄스 지연 중합법, 초고광도 중합법 등의 광조사 방식이 광중합형 복합레진 수복물에서의 중합수축 응력에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 in vitro에서 미세 누출 실험을 하였다. 80개의 발거된 소구치의 협측면에 5급 와동을 형성하고, 600mW/$cm^2$로 30초간 광조사하는 보통 광도 중합군, 300mW/$cm^2$로 60초간 광조사하는 저광도 중합군, 400mW/$cm^2$로 2초간 광조사하고 5분간 기다린 후 800mW/$cm^2$로 10초간 최종 중합시키는 펄스-지연 중합군, 그리고 1930mW/$cm^2$의 광도로 3초간 광조사하는 초고광도 중합군 등의 4개의 군으로 나누어 hybrid 형의 광중합복합레진을 충전하고 각 군의 방법대로 중합한 후, 변연의 0.5mm 외부에 nail varnish를 도포하고 37$^{\circ}C$, 2% metylene blue 용액에 24시간 동안 침적시켰다. 시편을 아크릴릭 레진에 매몰한 후 수복물의 중앙에서 종절단하여 입체현미경하에서 그 단면을 관찰한 후 법랑질과 상아질 변연으로 나누어 색소의 침투도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 펄스 지연 중합군의 색소 침투도는 법랑질과 상아질 변연 모두에서 보통광도, 저광도 및 초고광도 중합군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 2. 상아질 변연에서 초고광도 중합군은 보통광도 중합군과 저광도 중합군에 비해 유의하게 높은 색소 침투도를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 법랑질 변연에서의 4개 군의 색소 침투도는 서로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 4. 모든 군에서 상아질 변연에서의 색소 침투도는 법랑질군에서의 색소 침투도에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.166-179
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• 1999

외과적 근관치료에서 근단부의 폐쇄성은 성공에 필수적이다. 그리고 외과적 근관치료시 근단부 역충전와동은 습기나 혈액에 의해 오염되기 쉬우며 와동을 이상적으로 건조하기가 항상 용이하지는 않다. 본 연구의 목적은 미세 치근단 수술법에서 치근단 역충전와동의 건조 방법이 폐쇄성에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 함이다. 치근단 폐쇄성은 근단 누출 및 충전물-와벽 적합성으로 평가하였다. 치근단 역충전와동 건조방법에 따른 치근단 누출을 평가하기 위해서는 최근에 발거된 상악 대구치 구개측치근 125개를 와동건조 방법 및 혈액오염에 따라 4개의 군으로 분류하여 실험하였다. 각 시편치아에서 근관을 형성하고 측방가압법으로 충전한 후 각 군에 따라 저속 다이아몬드 절단기를 이용하여 치근단 3 mm를 절제하였으며 초음파 스테인레스 스틸 기구를 이용하여 깊이 3mm의 역충전 와동을 형성하고 IRM, Super EBA 또는 복합레진으로 역충전하였다. 시편을 2% methylene blue 용액에 7일간 침잠시킨 후 35% 질산 용액에서 용해시킨 다음, 원심분리한 상층액을 비색계를 이용하여 누출 색소의 흡광도를 측정하였다. 결과치는 이원변량분석법과 Duncan's Multiple Range Test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 역충전 와동 건조방법에 따른 충전물-와벽 적합성을 평가하기 위해서는 상악 제 1대구치의 구개측 치근 12개를 상기와 같이 4개 군으로 분류하여 근관충전, 역충전와동 형성, 와동 건조 및 역충전을 실험하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 압축공기나 paper point로 와동을 건조한 군이, 역충전 와동을 IRM 간이충전재, Super EBA 시멘트 및 복합레진으로 충전한 경우 공히, cottton pellet 만으로 와동을 건조한 군에 비해 적은 치큰단 누출을 나타내었는데 이는 Super EBA 시멘트 충전군에서만 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 그러나 충전재료에 관계없이 paper point로 와동을 건조한 군과 압축공기로 건조한 군 사이에는 유의한 누출의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 2. 압축공기로 와동을 건조한 경우에는, 복합레진으로 충전한 군이 IRM이나 Super EBA로 충전한 군에 비해 유의하게 적은 치근단 누출을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3. 와동을 혈액으로 오염시킨 경우에는, 역충전 와동을 IRM, Super EBA 및 복합레진으로 충전한 군 공히, 압축공기로 와동내부를 건조한 경우에 비해 유의하게 많은 치큰단 누출을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 4. IRM 간이충전재나 Super EBA 시멘트로 역충전와동을 충전한 경우, 와동측벽의 외측 1/2이 내측 1/2에 비해 넓은 충전물-치질 사이 틈을 나타내었다. 5. IRM 간이충전재, Super EBA 시멘트 및 복합레진으로 역충전와동을 충전한 경우 공히, 와동이 혈액에 의해 오염되었거나 와동을 cotton pellet으로만 건조한 경우가 paper point나 압축공기로 와동을 건조한 경우에 비해 와동기저부에 큰 틈을 나타내는 양상을 보였다.