• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The application of 112 samples of Citrus fruit peel, which is commonly cultivated in Korea as crude drug, has been limited due to the absence of criteria concerning chemical constituents and application of itself. In the context, this study is on the analysis of 11 flavonoid compounds. As a result, the flavonoid pattern could be classified into 5 groups. Furthermore, by utilizing this HPLC data, this study could provide a basis for fruit peel applications of not only Citrus unshiu, but also its cultivars, hybrids and some of Citrus plants which has been cultivated in Jeju Island for a long time. Moondan could be used for the same purposes as Chinese Huajuhong, and Poncirus trifoliata of Korean Jisil origin are effective enough, in terms of ingredients and function, compared with C. aurantium. Based on the content and composition of the PMF region in this study, C. unshiu and C. reticulata, as Tanaka System shows, should be considered as different hortcultural speicies. Also, Jikak, which is known as 'sour orange' until now, is confirmed as Chosen-daidai, C. tenuissima, that was reported by Tanaka in 1970, and this C. tenuissima could be used for the same purposes as sour orange.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of foliar application of ethychlozate and ethyclozate mixed with different calcium formulae (clef-non, suical, cell-bine, and calcium acetate monohydrate) on the fruit quality and peel puffing of 'Miyagawa Wase' satsuma mandarin cultivated in a plastic film house. Foliar application of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non or suical showed a result that the 'a' value of peel chromaticity was increased, which are supposed to accelerate peel coloration without peel puffing. The reducing sugar levels of fruits in control, ethychlozate, ethychlozate+celef-non, ethychlozate+suical, ethychlozate+cell-bine, and ethychlozate+calcium acetate monohydrate treatment were 4.98, 5.30, 5.59, 5.00, 5.20, and 4.27%, respectively. Especially, in the case of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non, the reducing sugar level was 0.61% higher than that of control. Sucrose and total sugar content also had a similar trend as that in the reducing sugar contents. The sugar contents of fruits in various ethychlozate treatments mixed with different calcium formulae except those in ethychlozate treatment or ethychlozate treatment mixed with calcium acetate monohydrate were higher than $12^{\circ}Brix$. Especially, the treatment of ethychlozate treatment mixed with clef-non showed the highest sugar content with $12.7^{\circ}Brix$. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity also showed the similar tendency, but there was no significant difference in acidity among the treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of ethychlozate foliar application on the fruit quality of Miyagawa Early Satsuma Mandarin in the plastic house. Ethychlozate(100mg.L$^{-1}$ ) was applied to the fruit at 100, 115 and 145 days after full bloom stage. The fruit was divided into four frequency level groups, with the control group receiving no Ethychlozate treatment and the level 3 group receiving all three applications. Peel coloration by a value Increased as application frequency increased. The a/b value trend was seen to be similar to this, but the b value ran contrary to the a value trend. Glucose contents of the fruit juice did not differ statistically among the application frequency levels but the fructose level was seen to be higher with increasing application frequency. Sucrose showed a similar trend to fructose in that it had a tendency to increase as application frequency increased. As a result of this, total sugar increased naturally with application frequency. The average Brix level among all treatment groups was higher than the average Brix level in the control group but Brix level did not differ significantly among application frequency levels. Acidity had a tendency to increase as application frequency increase, but there was no statistical difference found.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2016

Citrus platymamma hort. ex Tanaka is widely used in traditional Korean medicine because of its medicinal benefits including an anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the flavonoid content and anti-inflammatory activities of C. platymamma during its harvest period. Fruit peel samples were obtained between September 2015 and February 2016. The results indicate that C. platymamma peel extract (CPE) was an effective inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. The inhibitory effects of CPE at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration included dose-dependent decreases in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. In addition, CPE decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. The highest anti-inflammatory activity and flavonoid content were observed in CPE of C. platymamma peel harvested during the immature fruit period in September. Further, to assess the suitability of CPE for cosmetic use, we performed MTT assays using HaCaT keratinocytes and observed that CPE did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. To test the potential application of CPE as a cosmetic material, we also performed primary skin irritation tests on normal skin of 30 volunteers and no adverse reactions were observed. The results of this study indicate that CPE may be considered as an anti-inflammatory candidate for inclusion in cosmetic materials.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Control of alternate bearing satsuma mandarin in Jeju is very important to maintain the optimum price of fruit and get the sustainable income of farmers. Unlike orange, Satsuma mandarin is well known to sensitive on alternate bearing. We carried out the experiment to know the effect of foliar application of $GA_3$ on the flowering and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa). METHODS AND RESULTS: To experiment, the treatments consist of control, different concentration of $GA_3$ (25, 50 and 100 mg/L), machine oil emulsion 100 times and mixture of various concentration of $GA_3$ (25 and 50 mg/L) with machine oil emulsion 100 times which it was applied on 15 year-old Miyagawa satsuma mandarin at December 29, 2011. Foliar application of $GA_3$ in winter reduced the flowering of satsuma mandarin. Flower-leaf ratio was significantly reduced at 100 mg/L $GA_3$, while no differences observed in low concentration of $GA_3$ (25 and 50 mg/L). However, it was significantly decreased to 0.19 in application of $GA_3$ 25 and 50 mg/L with machine oil emulsion 100 times mixture. Number of leaves per fruit was significantly increased as foliar application of $GA_3$ also it reduced the fruits remarkably. Soluble solid contents and Hunter's a of peel color ratio showed no difference among $GA_3$ single treatments, but it was reduced in $GA_3$ 25 and 50 mg/L with machine oil emulsion 100 times mixtures significantly. From the results, it has been found that higher $GA_3$ concentration can reduce the number of flowers on the alternate bearing of satsuma mandarin. However, it was found that lower concentration of $GA_3$ with machine oil emulsion mixture 100 times can reduce flowering. CONCLUSION(S): The foliar application of $GA_3$ (100 mg/L) can alleviate alternate beraring. Also, mixture of lower concentration of $GA_3$ with machine oil emulsion 100 times can retard flowering more significantly while it needs further confirmation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of ethephon(100mg.L$^{-1}$ ) and calcium carbonate (10000mg.L$^{-1}$ ) on the acceleration of peel coloration of ‘Miyagawa Early’ Satsuma Mandarin in the plastic house. The foliar application treatments were conducted once. twice or 3 time at intervals of 15 days from degreening of the fruit apex. Peel coloration of a value by spraying ethephon ＋ clef-non was increased with treatment frequency. The a/b values ran similar to this trend. As a result of this, peel coloration was accelerated by foliar application of ethephon ＋ clef-non. Glucose and fructose did not differ significantly among foliar application frequencies. Sucrose and total sugar increased as foliar application frequency increased, but there was no significant di(ference among foliar application frequency group. The brix values were higher than 12˚BX in all treatments. However, a distinct difference between the control Brix value and the values for the treatment groups was found only in the level 3 frequency group.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1012-1017
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate total flavonoid content, flavonoid composition, and free radical scavenging effects of by-products from five orange cultivars during the period September 2015 to February 2016. Total flavonoid content was highest in peel extracts from immature fruit harvested in September. Total flavonoid contents of all cultivars mostly decreased while ripening. Among the five cultivars, total flavonoid content was highest in Hamlin sweet orange (21.66 mg/g), followed by Sanguinello blood orange (20.39 mg/g), Shamouti orange (18.49 mg/g), Tarocco blood orange (18.46 mg/g), and Olinda Valencia orange (17.07 mg/g). With regard to flavonoid composition, all cultivar materials had high levels of narirutin and hesperidin, but naringin and neohesperidin were not detected in any of the materials. Nobiletin, as polymethoxyflavone, was detected within a$23{\sim}40{\mu}g/mL$ range in the immature fruit of all cultivars. Among all cultivars, antioxidant activities were higher in peel extracts than in pulp extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activities of peel extracts ranged from 40% to 58% while the ABTS radical scavenging activity range was 90~94%. The results indicate that orange, by-products, especially peel of immature orange fruit, could have application as natural materials with antioxidative effects.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of foliar application of monopotassium phosphate on the acceleration of ind color and fruit quality of Satsuma mandarin cultivated in the plastic greenhouse. The 'a'value of peel chromaticity increased seasonably with the increasing frequency of foliar application of monopotassium phosphate, but became gradually irresponsive as the fruit approached to harvesting time. Glucose content increased with the number of foliar applications so did the fructose content. Content of reducing sugars tended to increase with the number of foliar applications by 0.32 to 0.41%.mL$^{-1}$ juice in treatment sof ive or more applications. Sucrose content increased gradually with the increasing number of foliar applications, but there was no significatn difference among treatments. Total sugar also increased with the increasing number of foliar applications Generally, the soluble solid level is considered to be representative of fruit quality. Sugar content increased with the number of foliar application up to 5 times in which sugar content increased by 0.93$^{\circ}$Bx as compared to the control. The fruit acidity of the treatment plots decreased as compared to that of the control, but there was no significant difference in fruit acidity among foliar application times.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.283-294
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• 2020

In this study, in order to increase the utilization of Citrus junos seeds, which account for 13% of the weight ratio of Citrus junos ripened fruit, but are mostly discarded and not utilized, the efficacy of skin beauty of Citrus junos seed oil extracted by cold pressing was studied. Citrus junos seed oil was found to contain approximately 74% of unsaturated fatty acids consisting mainly of oleic acid and linoleic acid, and limonene, which is mainly contained in Citrus junos peel, contained a very low content of about 0.0187%. As a result of evaluating the DPPH radical scavenging activity of Citrus junos seed oil, 26% of DPPH radical scavenging ability was confirmed at 5% concentration of Citrus junos seed oil. To confirm the anti-inflammatory effect, as a result of testing RAW 264.7 cytotoxicity test and NO production for Citrus junos seed oil, NO production was suppressed by 53% at a concentration of 0.05% that does not show cytotoxicity. In addition, in the RBL-2H3 cytotoxicity and β-hexosaminidase release inhibitory efficacy test for anti-allergic efficacy confirmation, it was confirmed that β-hexosaminidas release was suppressed by 26% at a concentration of 0.05% that did not show cytotoxicity. Lastly, in the human skin application test result of O/W emulsion containing 5% of Citrus junos seed oil, it showed higher skin moisturizing effect than the control emulsion containing the same amount of caprylic/capric triglyceride. Therefore, it is thought that Citrus junos seed oil might be used as a excellent skin care material.