• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2003

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of various tissues were studied in young chicks. From 7 days of age, a total of 160 chicks were divided into 4 groups, placed into 4 pens per group (10 birds per pen) and fed one of four experimental diets containing 6% tallow (TO 6%), 4% tallow plus 2% CLA (TO 4%-CLA 2%), 2% tallow plus 4% CLA (TO 2%-CLA 4%) or 6% CLA (CLA 6%) for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in growth performances and the relative weights of various organs, but relative liver weight of chicks fed dietary CLA at 4 and 6% levels was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of TO 6% group. The chemical compositions of leg muscle were not affected by CLA feeding. However, hepatic total lipid of chicks fed 6% CLA diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% and TO 4%-CLA 2% groups. The concentrations of various lipid fractions in serum were not affected by CLA feeding. With the increase in dietary CLA levels, cis 9-trans 11 CLA, trans 10-cis 12 CLA and total CLA of leg muscle increased linearly. The relative proportions of C18:1 $\omega$ -9 and C20:4 $\omega$-6 fatty acids in the leg muscles of chicks fed the CLA containing diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% group. These results indicate that the levels of CLA isomers were increased linearly in dose-dependent manner after feeding of synthetic CLA source. But it was also observed that excessive amount of dietary CLA resulted in the possible adversely effects, such as increase of liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation and serum GOT level.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5007-5010
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• 2013

Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that may be constitutively present in cells protecting them from various stresses, such as extreme temperature, anoxia or chemical agents. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy of women. In this study, we analyzed the expression of Hsp27 by immunohistochemistry in cervical intraepithelial lesions of Brazilian women, along with samples from non neoplasic lesions (NN). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I), II (CIN II) and III (CIN III)/in situ carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were included. Immunostaining was observed in 30 (100%) samples of NN, 46 (92%) in CIN I, 50 (100%) in CIN II, 52 (98.11%) in CIN III/CIS, and 46 (98.11%) in SCC. In group NN Hsp27 immunostaining was heterogeneous, more intense in basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium and less or absent in the intermediate and superficial layer. The majority of the samples of CIS and SCC presented strong staining in all epithelial layers. Metaplasic cells, when present, were strongly stained. In this study, Hsp27 protein was found to be commonly expressed in cervical epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to confirm biohydrogenation of linoleic acid and stearic acid production by mixed men fungi and bacteria. In mixed fungal biohydrogenation study, when linoleic acid solution was added to fungal culture (after 24 hr pre-incubation), all linoleic acids were converted to trans-11 vaccenic acid via cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid production within 24 hr period of incubation. All linoleic acid solution was hydrogenated to trans-11 vaccenic acid within 24 hr incubation and this was continued until the end of incubation (48 hr). Both treatments (added linoleic acid solution or the same amount of solution without containing linoleic acid into fungal cultures) produced the similar amount of stearic acid. In contrast, 100% of linoleic acid solution was hydrogenated to stearic acid in mixed bacterial culture. It is concluded that the end product of mixed fungal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid is trans-11 vaccenic acid whereas mixed bacteria produced stearic acid as an end product of their biohydrogenation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 한국환경독성학회 2003년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.179-179
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• 2003

Exposure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes a variety of biological and toxicology effects, most of which are mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The ligand-bound AhR as a heterodimer with AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) binds to its specific DNA recognition site, the dioxin-responsive element (DRE), and it results in increased transcription of CYP1A1 gene. Retinoic acid (RA) regulates the transcription of various genes for several essential functions through binding to two classes of nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) also regulates the transcription of gene. In this study, we have examined how RAR, RXR and CAR regulated CYP1A1 in rainbow trout hepatoma cell (RTH 149) using luciferase reporter gene assay system. We did transient transfection with CYP1A1 luciferase reporter gene and treated with TCDD, all-trans RA, 9-cis RA and phenobarbital. Treatment of all-trans RA, 9-cis RA or phenobarbital decreased the TCDD induced transcription of CYP1A1. When we did transient cotransfection with CYP1A1 luciferase reporter gene and RXR, as increase of RXR concentration, the TCDD induced transcription of CYP1A1 was decreased. Transfection with CAR also decreased the TCDD induced transcription of CYP1A1 in RTH 149 cells.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the risk of both individual and combined health behaviors on premature mortality in middle aged men in Korea. Methods: In total, 14 533 male subjects 40 to 59 years of age were recruited. At enrollment, subjects completed a baseline questionnaire, which included information about socio-demographic factors, past medical history, and life style. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2008, we identified 990 all-cause premature deaths using national death certificates. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of each health risk behavior, which included smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, and lack of sleep hours. Using the Cox model, each health behavior was assigned a risk score proportional to its regression coefficient value. Health risk scores were calculated for each patient and the HR of all-cause premature mortality was calculated according to risk score. Results: Current smoking and drinking, high body mass index, less sleep hours, and less education were significantly associated with all-cause premature mortality, while regular exercise was associated with a reduced risk. When combined by health risk score, there was a strong trend for increased mortality risk with increased score (p-trend < 0.01). When compared with the 1-9 score group, HRs of the 10-19 and 20-28 score groups were 2.58 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 2.19 to 3.03) and 7.09 (95% CIs, 5.21 to 9.66), respectively. Conclusions: Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and regular exercise, have considerable impact on premature mortality and should be assessed in combination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1521-1530
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• 2009

A metabolic study was conducted with four ruminally-cannulated lactating goats (Saanen, 29 weeks lactation, 65${\pm}$5 kg) in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments. The goats were fed a basal mixed diet consisting of 80% concentrate and 20% chopped rye grass hay (DM basis, CON). The goats were also fed the CON diet supplemented with soybean oil at a 5% level of the concentrate (SO), the SO diet supplemented with 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate (SO-B) or the SO-B diet supplemented with 30 ppm monensin (SO-BM). The goats were housed in individual pen and the study was conducted for 8 weeks. An increased molar proportion of propionate (C3) was observed at 1 h (p<0.003) and 6 h (p<0.029) post-feeding from all the supplemented diets. Calculated methane emission was markedly decreased prior to morning feeding (p<0.01), and at 1 h (p<0.05) and 6 h post-feeding (p<0.05) in goats fed the supplemented diets. All the supplements increased (p<0.0001) cis9, trans11-CLA content in rumen fluid. Concentrations of both cis9, trans11-CLA (p<0.0001) and trans10, cis12-CLA (p<0.026) were also increased in the milk fat of lactating goats fed the supplemented diets. The SO-B and SO-BM diets further increased CLA content in goat milk compared to the SO diet. All supplements increased unsaturated (UFA, p<0.002), monounsaturated (MUFA, p<0.002) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p<0.014) and reduced SFA to UFA ratio (p<0.023). The concentration of MUFA was even greater (p<0.002) for SO-BM than for the SO-B diet. In conclusion, feeding soybean oil (5% of concentrate) to lactating goats was a useful way to improve milk fat and to improve fatty acid profile in the milk by increasing potentially healthy fatty acids such as CLA. Supplementation of sodium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate with monensin to the soybean oil-based diet increased CLA content further in goat milk. Supplementation of soybean oil may be an effective method to reduce methane emission in lactating goats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2009

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the carotenoid composition of carrots during storage and cooking. Analyses were conducted immediately after harvest and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after harvest. During the course of the storage, the carotenoid levels generally decreased, and this decrease was found to be greater during the first week for $\beta$-carotene (all-trans-$\beta$-carotene) and lutein, and during the second week for $\alpha$-carotene. Additionally, the amount of the $\alpha-$ and $\beta$-carotenes in carrot leaves changed slightly within the first 2 weeks of harvest when stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Specifically, the level of lutein, the main component of carrot leaves, increased from 233.8$\pm$11.7 to $346.2\pm26.7{\mu}g$/g DW during the first 2 weeks. In addition, the change in carotenoid contents was observed during the home-processing of one Korean cultivar. Carrots fried in oil showed the highest amount of $\beta$-carotene ($164.3\pm6.6{\mu}g$/g DW) and $\alpha$-carotene ($50.1\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while carrots that were prepared by sauteing, pressure-cooking in water and microwaving had the second highest levels. The greatest loss of in carotenoids occurred in response to boiling in water containing 1% NaCl, braising and baking. The content of lutein increased slightly after boiling in water containing 1% NaCl ($9.3\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while a loss in lutein occurred after preparation using other home-processing methods. A cis-isomer of all-trans-$\beta$-carotene, 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was present in detectable amounts in all processed samples, but not in raw roots. Another isomer, 9-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was detected in carrots that were prepared by boiling, frying and pressure-cooking.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2005

For development of new agrochemical fungicide, syntheses of pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole carboxanilide derivatives 9 and antifungal screening against 6 kinds of plant pathogens were carried out. Functionalization of carboxylic acid on C-2 into carboxanilide in the pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole resulted in new 20 candidates, in which are ${\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated carboxanilide and methyl groups that are in cis relationship. Treatment of acetoxy-1,4-thiazin with magnesium in refluxing methanol gave pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole ethyl ester 4 in higher yield than that of the previous report. Hydrolysis of this compound afforded the corresponding acid 5, which reacted with aniline derivatives in the presence of coupling reagent, DIC to give pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole carboxanilides 9. As the result of in vivo antifungal assay of 9 against rice blast, rice sheath blight, cucumber gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, and barley powdery mildew, some compounds showed selectively antifungal activities against the rice blast and wheat leaf rust.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.794-800
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• 1993

A lipid producing yeast was screened from leaves of Albabiscus and was identified as a Rhodotorula graminis SW 214. During the shakining incubation of 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$, the yeast produced extracellular lipids of 7.3g/l of the media. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media influenced the extracellular lipid production greatly. When with nitrogen sources in the media were almost exhausted for growth of the yeast the sufficient carbon sources, the lipid production proceeded vigorously. Eight days of batch cultivation with 8% glucose, 2.5g/l of yeast extract, $KH_{2}PO_{4}(1g/l)\;MgSO_{4}\;(0.2g/l)$ and pH 6 gave maximum biomass and extracellular lipid production of 8.05g/l and 8.89g/l, respectively. The acid value, saponificatio value, the iodine value, ad the unsaponifiable matter of the extracellular lipids of Rhodotorula graminis SW 214 were 2.6, 534, 5.1 and 2.4, respectively. Lipid was constituted 75.2% triglyceride, 5.9% free fatty acid, 10.8% phospholipid, 4.9% esterified sterol and 3.3% free sterol. Major fatty acids found were 3-hydroxypentadecanoate, 3-hydroxyhexadecanate, trans-9-octadecanate, cis-9-hexadecanate (hydroxy palmitic), 15-methylhexadecanate (oleic), 18-methylno-nadecanate, octadecanate (stearic) and 3-hydroxytridecante.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.206-213
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• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate volatile compounds in pericarp of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC (Chopi). Chopi which harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11 in 2001 was dried at room temperature for one week. Fifty-two, 47, and 44 volatile compounds were analyzed with GC-MS in pericarp harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11, respectively. Eight terpenes including myrcene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, $\alpha$-terpinolene, $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene were detected in pericarp harvested on tulle 2 and July 14, but not $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene in pericarp harvested on September 11. Thirteen alcohols or terpene alcohols including linalool L and citronellol were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and added cis-linallol oxide and piperitol isomer in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Three aldehydes or terpene aldehydes were not affected by degree of maturation, but citronellal was increased in pericarp harvested on September 11. Five volatile compounds of ketones containing cryptone and piperitone were detected, and their concentration was changed during maturation. Six esters including lavandulyl acetate and $\alpha$-terpinenyl acetate were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and [(E)-6,7-ephoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl]ester of acetic acid was added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Seven hydrocarbons including $\delta$-cadinene and neopentylidene cyclohexane were detected in pericarp harvested on June 2 and $\alpha$-muurolene was newly added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. We suggest that kinds and concentration of volatile compounds in pericarp were remarkably different from those in mature stage.