• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2000

휘발성 훈증제인 cis-와 trans-1,3-D의 각각에 대한 분해력 향상은 몇몇 연구자들에 의해 이루어져왔다. 본 연구는 cis-와 trans-1,3-D에 대해 서로 다른 속도에서 각각의 분해력 증진과 미생물과의 관련성을 조사한 것으로, 미생물이 휘발성을 갖는 독성 유기화합물의 분해를 향상시키는 데 관여하고 있음이 관찰되었다. 1,3-D로 야외(field)처리되어 적응되어 왔던 토양으로부터, 1,3-D의 분해가 확인된 토양시료를 채취하여 1,3-D를 분해할 수 있는 혼합 배양세균을 분리하였다. 이렇게 분리된 혼합 배양세균은 cis-1,3-D보다는 trans-1,3-D를 더 빨리 분해 시켰으나, 미생물 성장을 위한 탄소원으로 cis-와 trans-1,3-D만이 제공되었을 때는 분해가 일어나지 않는 반면, 적절한 2차 탄소원들이 존재할 때에는 cis-와 trans-1,3-D를 분해시켰다. 따라서, cis-와 trans-1,3-D의 분해는 공동대사과정(cometabolism)인 것으로 판단된다. 두 이성질체는, 토양여과액(soil leachate), tryptone, tryptophan, alanine이 포함된 시료가 2차 탄소원으로 제공되었을 때에는 분해가 이루어졌으나, 고온고압하에서 멸균시킨 토양추출액(soil extract), glucose, yeast extract 및 indole이 포함된 시료가 2차 탄소원으로 제공되었을 때는 두 이성질체 모두를 분해시키지 못했다. 상업용 훈증제로 이용되는 cis-와 trans-1,3-D를 다른 속도로 개별적으로 분해하는 혼합 미생물군은 형태학적인 구별방법에 의해 4개의 독립된 순수 colony로 구성되어 있는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1325-1330
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• 2009

The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) was recently proposed as a direct replacement for methyl bromide ($CH_3Br$) in soil fumigation. This study was conducted to better understand behavior phase partitioning, diffusion and volatilization of 1,3-D as affected by isomer. The Henry's law constant(KH) of cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D was 0.058 and 0.037 at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. $K_H$ of cis form of 1,3-D was higher than that of trans form of 1,3-D. To compare with volatilization of 1,3-D isomer, soil column [70 cm (length)${\times}$12 cm (i.d.)] included a shank injection at 30 cm with 300 kg $ha^{-1}$. Maximum cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D concentration reached 57 mg $L^{-1}$ and 39 mg $L^{-1}$ at 30 cm depth at 1h after application. Cumulatively, after 10 days, 51.8% and 43.57% of applied cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D was emitted via volatilization, respectively. The total losses of cis-1,3-D were significantly greater than that of trans-1,3-D. Finally, cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D, such as isomer are dominant of 1,3-D fates in soil.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2006

Emission of methyl bromide (MeBr) from soil was implicated in stratospheric ozone depletion. To determine multi analysis of alternatives fumigants for MeBr, this paper describes the methods of analysis in water and soil. The MeBr, methyl iodide (Mel), propargyl bromide (PBr), cis 1,3-dichloropropene (cis 1,3-D), trans 1,3-dichloropropene (trans 1,3-D) and chloropicrin(CP) are separated on the base line on GC-ECD at three column of AT+DB+DB (90m) with temperature programing of $35^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}110^{\circ}C$ on GC-ECD. The relative retention time for MeBr, Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP is 1.0, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.6 and 3.7, respertively. The detection limit for MeBr, Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP is 469 pg, 5 pg, 21 pg, 79 pg, 101 PE and 5pg, respectively. Recovery of MeBr Mel, PBr, cis 1,3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP in water added 150 ppm fumigants were 81%, 96%, 95%, 97%, 98% and 99%, respectively. Recovery of MeBr, MeI, PBr, cis 1, 3-D, trans 1,3-D and CP in soil added 150ppm fumigants were 56%, 84%), 85%, 81%, 87% and 88%, respectively.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 추계 학술대회
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• pp.125-139
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• 2000

The differential enhanced degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was observed in the previous two studies performed by Ou et al. (1995) and especially Chung et al. (1999). This study was initiated to investigate the involvement of microorganisms in the differential enhanced degradation of the chemicals. As expected, microorganisms were responsible for the enhanced degradation of the chemicals. A mixed bacterial culture capable of degrading 1,3-D was isolated from an enhanced soil sample collected from a site treated with 1,3-D. Similar to the enhanced soil, the mixed culture degraded trans-1,3-D faster than cis-1,3-D. This mixed culture could not utilize cis- and trans-1,3-D as a sole source of carbon for growth. Rather, a variety of second substrates were evaluated to stimulate the differential enhanced degradation of the two isomers. As a result, the mixed culture degraded cis- and trans-1,3-D only in the presence of a suitable second substrate. Second substrates that had the capacity to stimulate the degradation included soil leachate, tryptone, tryptophan, and alanine. Other substrates tested, including soil extract, glucose, yeast extract, and indole (ailed to stimulate the degradation of the two isomers. Therefore, it appeared that the degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was a cometabolic process. The mixed culture was composed of four morphologically distinctive bacterial colonies.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.379-386
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• 1995

합성 Pyrethroid계 pennethrin[3-phenoxybenzyl(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyI)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]은 直接接觸 殺蟲劑로서, 哺乳動物에는 매우 底毒性이므 로 使用훌이 增加되고 있다. 따라서 土훌中 pennethrin의 動態를 豫願할 必要가 있다. Permethrin을 GC-ECD로 分析하였으며, cis-pennethrin은 32.5%였고 trans-pennethrin은 67.4%였다. Commerce silty clay loam 土壤에서 Koc값은 CIS 및 trans-pennethrin이 각각 938 및 877였다. 土壤 컬럼$(5.4 cm i.d. \times 26 cm length)$을 利用한 溶脫實廣올 하였다. 3배의 pore 부피에 해당하는 물로 cis-pennethrin올 浸出할 경우, 處理된 土壞層에 74.00%였고 6.10%만 아래충으로 移動되었으며,0.07%의 澈훌만 漫出水로 浸出되었다. Pennethrin은 土황에 강하게 吸훌되기 때문에, 土壤 column에서의 漫出量도 매우 적었다. 따라서 自然系에서의 漫出(Leaching) 및 유거(Runoff)농도는 매우 낮을 것으로 據測된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1463-1468
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• 2007

Emission of methyl bromide(MeBr) of soil fumigant was implicated in stratospheric ozone depletion. To determine the environmental fate for 1,3-dichloropene(1,3-D) of alternatives fumigants for MeBr, this paper researched the transformation for 1,3-D in water and soil. Half lives of cis-1,3-D in water with first-order kinetics are 9.9day and 1.7day at $25^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, half lives of trans-1,3-D are 8.6day and 1.5day at $25^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Transformation for 1,3-D in water at high temperature faster then at low temperature. Hydrolysis for 1,3-D in water are unaffected at $pH\;2.5{\sim}pH\;10.0$, but hydrolysis for 1,3-D at pH 11.5 higher then at $pH\;2.5{\sim}pH\;10.0$. Half lives of cis-1,3-D in soil are 11.5day and 7.7day at 3% and 10% of soil moisture, half lives of trans-1,3-D are 9.9day and 6.9day at 3% and 10% of soil moisture, respectively. Transformation for 1,3-D in water increased with increasing soil moisture. Transformation for trans-1,3-D isomer are more rapid then cis-1,3-D isomer in water and soil. This research has identified that transformation for 1,3-dichloropropene are affected by temperature, pH, soil moisture, and isomer of cis and trans in water and soil.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 1990

몇 가지 온도와 압력 하에서 $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+$와 $cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ 착이온의 수화반응과 $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]_2^+$착이온의 이성질화반응의 반응속도를 분광광도법으로 측정하여 이들 착물의 반응메카니즘을 규명하였다. $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+$와 $cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ 착이온의 수화반응에 대한 활성화엔트로피, ${\Delta}S{\neq}$는 각각 4.0 eu 및 5.3 eu이고 활성화부피, ${\Delta}V{\neq}$는 각각 $-5.8 cm^3mol^{-1}$ 및 $-6.6 cm^3mol^{-1}(40^{\circ}C$)이었다. 이들 데이타로부터 수화반응위 메카니즘은 해리(D)메카니즘으로 추정할 수 있었다. $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ 착이온의 $cis-{beta}-[CoETEClOH_2]^2+$ 로의 이성질화반응에 대한 활성화엔트로피, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$와 활성화부피, ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$는 각각 9.5 eu 및 $8.4 cm^3mol^{-1}(30^{\circ}C$)이었다. 이들 데이타로부터 이성질화반응의 메카니즘은 $H_2O$가 해리된 후 이성질화가 일어나는 해리(D)메카니즘인 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.277-283
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• 1997

질소를 포함한 평면형리간드가 배위된 백금(II)착물([$Pt(L)_2X_2$]; L=isoxazole(isox), 3,5-dimethylisoxazole(3,5-diMeisox), 3-methyl,5-phenylisoxazole(3-Me,5-Phisox), and 4-amino-3,5-dimethylisoxazole(4-ADI); X=Cl, Br)의 항암활성을 분자역학(MM2)법으로 최소에너지를 갖는 구조를 구한 후 확장분자궤도함수(Extended Huckel Molecular Orbital)법으로 조사하였다. X 원자의 알짜전하 값은 cis-, trans-이성체 모두 평면리간드의 N 원자보다 음의 값으로 크게 나타나서, N 원자보다 X 원자의 이탈이 용이함을 알 수가 있었고, ${\sigma}MO$에너지 준위로 비교한 결과도 $Pt(d_{x2-y2})-X(P_x)$의 ${\sigma}MO$에너지 준위$(E{\sigma}_{(Pt-X)})$가 $Pt(d_{x2-y2})-N(P_x)$의 ${\sigma}MO$에너지 준위$(E{\sigma}_{(Pt-N)})$보다 예외없이 높아서 Pt-N보다 Pt-X의 결합이 약함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 X 원자의 cis-, trans-이성체에서의 이탈 용이성을 비교하기 위하여 중심금속과 리간드사이의 ${\sigma}MO$에너지준위로 비교한 결과, trans-이성체에서 $Pt(d_{x2-y2})-N(P_x)$의 ${\sigma}MO$에너지준위$(E{\sigma}_{(Pt-X)})$가 cis-이성체에서 보다 예외없이 높아서 결합이 약함을 알 수 있었다. 아울러 같은 착물에서 cis-보다 trans-착물에서 Pt-X의 결합이 약함을 알 수 있었다, 따라서 $X^-$이온으로 떨어져 나가는 용이성과 그 구조변화가 항암활성과 관계가 있을 것으로 생각하였다. 즉, $E{\sigma}_{(P-N)}-E{\sigma}_{(P1-X)}$가 클수록 저해활성 계수 logIA값이 크게 나타나서 실험적 사실과 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.541-545
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• 2008

Stable molecular isomers were calculated for the azobenzene crown ether p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1) in the host and their alkali-metal-ion complexes. The structures of two distinct isomers (cis and trans) have been optimized using DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. Trans isomer of 1 is found to be 11.69 kcal/mol more stable than cis analogue. For two different kinds of complexation mode, the alkali-metal-cation in the crown-ether moiety (exo) has much better complexation efficiency than in the benzene-rings (endo) pocket for both isomers of 1. Sodium ion has much better complexation efficiency than potassium ion in all kinds of complexation mode with host 1. The Na+ complexation efficiency of the trans-complex (1) in the exo-binding mode is 8.24 kcal/mol better than cis-exo analogue.