• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.577-582
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• 2010

Purpose: When reconstruction for patients who have the large contralateral breast or a following large defect after mastectomy is required, conventional pedicled TRAM flap shows the unpredictable occurrence of fat necrosis and skin flap loss in a relatively high percentage due to insufficient blood supply. In an effort to obtain more stable TRAM flap blood circulation, we have performed a supercharged technique using deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP) with conventional pedicled TRAM flap. Methods: From September of 2006 to December of 2008, Fourteen supercharged TRAM flap were performed for breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy. The contralateral DIEP was anastomosed to the internal mammary vessels in contralateral pedicled TRAM flap or thoracodorsal vessels in ipsilateral pedicled TRAM flap. Nutrient vessels were selected by Multi-Detector Computed tomography (MD-CT) modalities. For the nutrient vessel, we used deep inferior epigastric vessels (DIEV) of the ipsilateral side in 8 patients, DIEV of the contralateral side in 6 patients. In addition, for the recipient vessel, we used thoracodorsal vessels in 8 patients, internal mammary vessels in 5 patients, intercostals artery perforators in 1 patient. Results: The mean age was 46.8 years and the average follow-up interval was 14 months. There were 11 immediate and 3 delayed breast reconstructions. Fat necrosis incidence rate in supercharged TRAM group was lower than in conventional TRAM flap group. There were no differences of the incidences of abdominal hernia in both groups. Conclusion: The supercharged TRAM flap produces an improvement in vascularity that permits use of all four zones of the flap. The breast reconstruction with supercharged technique is reliable and valuable methods which provide sufficient soft tissue from abdomen without significant complications.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1478-1483
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• 2009

A solid-state culture based on grain materials was attempted to produce a fibrinolytic enzyme for blood circulation improvement using Bacillus subtilis BK-17. The spore, rather than vegetative cell inoculation, of B. subtilis BK-17 on the solid-state culture was effective in the production of a fibrinolytic enzyme. Maximum spore production was obtained with a SFM medium (0.8% nutrient broth, 0.05% yeast extract, $10^{-1}$ M $MgCl_2$, $10^{-3}$ M $FeCl_3$, $10^{-4}$ $MnCl_2$, $10^{-5}$ M dipicolic acid, pH 6.5). Optimal pH and temperature were pH 6 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The spore production reached a maximum at 60 hours of incubation. Bacillus subtilis BK-17 on the mung bean solid-state culture produced greater fibrinolytic activity, and less activity was seen in other grains such as kidney bean, soybean and corn. Protein and lipid contents of fermented soybeans were about 10 - 30% more than those of unfermented soybeans. Amino acid content was also 5 - 20% more than that of unfermented soybeans. These results indicated that fermented solid-state culture medium, fermented soybean in this case, can be utilized as a food supplement.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.617-623
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• 2001

To predict the seasonal variation of dissolved oxygen (DO) in Hakata bay, Japan, possible 20 time-series of different hourly-solar-radiation intensities were generated based on stochastically changing solar radiation intensity, and a numerical simulation on dissolved oxygen (DO) was carried out for each time series by using the Sediment-Water Ecological Model (SWEM). The model, consisting of two sub-models with hydrodynamic and biological models, simulates the circulation process of nutrient between water column and sediment, such as nutrient regeneration from sediments as well as ecological structures on the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton, The results of the model calibration followed the seasonal variation of observed water quality well, and generated cumulative-frequency-distribution (CFD) curves of daily solar radiation agreed well with observed ones, The simulation results indicated that the exchange of sea water would have a great influence on the DO concentration, and that the concentration could change more than 1 mg/L in a day. This prediction method seems to be an effective way to examine a solution to minimize fishery damage when DO is depleted.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

The contents of total nitrogen(T-N), phosphate($T-P_2O_5$), and potash($T-K_2O$) are important factors to determine the application rate of the livestock compost to prevent nutrients accumulation and maintain their appropriate levels in arable lands. The concentrations of nutrient, organic matter, salt, water content, heavy metal in livestock compost in circulation were investigated with 659 samples from 2016 to 2017. In order to investigate the fluctuation nutrient contents of livestock composts with the same product name, 19 samples were collected and analyzed T-N, and $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ concentration during two years. The mean levels of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ in livestock composts of from 2016 to 2017 were 1.73%, 1.88%, and 1.66%, respectively. The average contents of organic matter, water, and salt were 38.9%, 40.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. There were found that the maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in some livestock composts were exceeded the criteria of the official standard of commercial fertilizer. The maximum variation coefficient of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$ and $T-K_2O$ content of livestock composts was found to be 24%, 27%, and 50% on average, respectively. In order to manage the nutrients in agricultural soils, it will be reasonable that the error range of T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ content in livestock composts should be recommended to be 27% in mean as variation coefficient in case of displaying the nutrient element in liverstock compost.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.437-447
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• 2013

The fibula is one of the most useful sources for harvest of a vascularized bone graft. The fibula is a straight, long, tubed bone, much stronger than any other available bone that can currently be used for a vascularized graft. It has a reliable peroneal vascular pedicle with a large diameter and moderate length. There is a definite nutrient artery that enters the medullary cavity, as well as multiple arcade vessels, which add to the supply of the bone through periosteal circulation. The vascularized fibula graft is used mainly for long segment defects of the long tubed bone of the upper and lower extremities. It can provide a long, straight length up to 25 cm in an adult. The fibula can be easily osteotomized and can be used in reconstruction of the curved mandible. Since the first description as a vascularized free fibula bone graft by Taylor in 1975 and as a mandibular reconstruction by Hidalgo in 1989, the fibula has continued to replace the bone and soft tissue reconstruction options in the field of maxillofacial reconstruction. For the better understanding of a fibular free flap, the constant anatomical findings must be learned and memorized by young doctors during the specialized training course for the Korean National Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. This article reviews the anatomical basis of a fibular free flap with Korean language.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1993

Recent advances in microsurgery have made it possible to provide a continued circulation of blood to the grafted bone so as to ensure viability. With the nutrient blood supply preserved, healing of the graft to the recipient bone is facilitated without the usual replacement of the graft by creeping substitution. We reviewed 34 cases of vascularized osteocutaneous fibular transfers to the infected tibial defect complicated with skin defect, which were performed from May, 1982 to January, 1992, and the following results were obtained: 1. Despite of uncontrolled bone infection with skin defect, the vascularized osteocutaneous fibular flap transfer could be performed. 2. In the vascularized osteocutaneous fibula transfer, the patency of anastomoses could be indirectly monitored by observing the color of the skin flap. 3. The vascularized fibula had been hypertrophied with bony union during the follow-up period of 13 months to 6 years and 4 months(average, 30 months) and there was no resorption of the grafted fibula. 4. There was no fracture of the grafted fibula in parti resection of involved tibia. 5. The hypertrophic potentiality of grafted fibula could be inhibited by the infection status as operation site.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 1997

Fifteen Ettawah-cross does were used to study maternal serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine ($T_3$), teraiodothyronine ($T_4$) and cortisol in different status of pregnancy (nonpregnant, aborted, single and twin-bearing does) during late pregnancy. Analysis of the data indicated that here was no significant changes in total $T_3$, $T_4$, and cortisol concentrations with the advance of pregnancy. Concentrations of $T_3$, $T_4$, and cortisol decreased by 38.9, 34.9, and 32.6%, and 12.0, 15.7 and 27.6%, and 41.6, 44.0, and 43.7% in the aborted, single and, twin-bearing, respectively, as compared to those nonpregnant does. These was no significant difference in concentrations of $T_3$ and cortisol between aborted, single and twin-bearing does, and in those of $T_4$ between aborted and single-bearing does. However, $T_4$ concentrations in twin-bearing were lower by 17.7 and 14.1% than those in aborted and single-bearing does, respectively. The decreased concentrations of thyroid hormones in pregnant does suggested that fetus could have increased iodine uptake from maternal circulation causing a decrease in the availability of this nutrient for synthesis of maternal thyroid hormones. The decreased concentrations of cortisol could have been associated with the increased metabolism of the hormone to regulate nutrients influx into the placenta of pregnant does.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.167-182
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• 2020

Objectives : The relationship between the Lungs, Stomach and Kidneys were examined in relation to their pulses continuously beating without rest as discussed in the 『Lingshu·Dongshu』, with other chapters in the 『Huangdineijing』. Methods : Chapters in the 『Huangdineijing』 and annotations were referenced in relation to the contents in question of the 『Lingshu·Dongshu』. Results & Conclusions : In 『Lingshu·Dongshu』, the Stomach of the Zuyangming is central. In the flow of Qi that is produced and circulated from the Stomach, we can see that Ancestral qi that is created in the Stomach ascends and accumulates in the chest area to disperse Qi throughout the entire body according to breathing and pulsation, while Nutrient qi exits from the middle energizer and ascends to the Lungs, circulates the entire body and Qi that is partially similar to Defense qi moves upwards to the head and circulates. In the lower part of the body, Qi flows to the Zushaoyin that is associated with Jing qi to assist with actions of the Extra meridians, while it connects to the Ancestral sinew through Zujueyin allowing for smooth movement of the muscles and joints. The special emphasis on the pulsation points of the three meridians, Shoutaiyin, Zuyangming and Zushaoyin, is based on the Qi thoroughfare[氣街] theory, where production and circulation of all Qi in the upper, middle, and lower energizers of the body manifest as pulse movement of the three meridians, which are the fundamental rhythms and movements of life.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2013

In order to understand phytoplankton and bacterial distribution in tropical coral reef ecosystems in relation to the mangrove community, their biomass and activities were measured in the sea waters of the Chuuk and the Kosrae lagoons located in Micronesia. Chlorophyll a and bacterial abundance showed maximal values in the seawater near the mangrove forests, and then steeply decreased as the distance increased from the mangrove forests, indicating that environmental conditions for these microorganisms changed greatly in lagoon waters. Together with chlorophyll a, abundance of Synechococcus and phototrophic picoeukaryotes and a variety of indicator pigments for dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae and cryptophytes also showed similar spatial distribution patterns, suggesting that phytoplankton assemblages respond to the environmental gradient by changing community compositions. In addition, primary production and bacterial production were also highest in the bay surrounded by mangrove forest and lowest outside of the lagoon. These results suggest that mangrove waters play an important role in energy production and nutrient cycling in tropical coasts, undoubtedly receiving large inputs of organic matter from shore vegetation such as mangroves. However, the steep decrease of biomass and production of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria within a short distance from the bay to the level of oligotrophic waters indicates that the effect of mangrove waters does not extend far away.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1994

It is difficult to obtain a satisfactory bony union of large bone defect secondary to trauma, tumor resection, congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia and bony metaplasia following infection with conventional methods. Conventional nonvascularized autologous bone graft do not provide adequate large amounts of donor bone and usually undergo necrosis or nonunion due to lack of vascular nutrition. Currently, advanced in microsurgery have made it possible to provide a continuing circulation of blood in bone grafts so as to ensure viability. With the nutrient blood supply preserved, healing of the graft to the recipient bone is facilitated without the usual replacement of the graft by creeping substitution. Thus, the grafted bone is achieved more rapid stabilization without sacrificing viability. We reviewed 11 cases of vascularized fibular grafts which were performed from December 1982 to January 1993 and the following results were obtained: 1. Large bone defects with chronic osteomyelitis secondary to trauma were could be successfully treated by the vascularized fibular transfer. 2. In our experience, the vascularized fibular transfer was thought to be one of good methods of treatment for congenital pseudathrosis of tibia. 3. Complete tumor resection was followed by a free vascularized fibular transfer, resulting in good functional improvement, without local recurrence. Long bone defect secondary to bony dysplasia was could be reconstructed by the vascularized fibular transfer. 4. The transferred vascularized fibula had been hypertrophied with bony union during follow-up period and there was no resorption of the grafted fibula.