• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

Objectives & Methods : In order to evaluate the in vivo synergic effect of Mawhangyounpye-tang which was a traditional poly-herbal formula has been used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in Korea, with quinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CPFX), the viable bacterial number and histopathological changes were monitored after experimental respiratory infection with Klebsiella peumoniae NCTC 9632. Results : The obtained results were as follows : 1. In CPFX group, the viable bacterial numbers were significantly decreased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Mawhangyounpye-tang. 2. In control group, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of alveolar linings were demonstrated at microscopical levels. However, these abnormal histopathological changes were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in CPFX group, and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Mawhangyounpye-tang. 3. In CPFX group, the LSA (luminal surface of alveoli %) were significantly increased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Mawhangyounpye-tang. Conclusions : It is considered that in vivo antibacterial activity of CPFX was dramatically increased by concomitant use of Mawhangyounpye-tang against Kebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 9632 infection of respiratory tract.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1039-1045
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• 2005

In order to evaluate the in vivo synergic effect of Eunkyo-san which was a traditional poly-herbal formula has been used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in Korea, with quinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CPFX), the viable bacterial number and histopathological changes were monitored after experimental respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae ATCC 6303. The obtained results were as follows: In CPFX groups, the viable bacterial numbers were significantly decreased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. In control group, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of alveolar linings were demonstrated at microscopical levels. However, these abnormal histopathological changes were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in CPFX groups, and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. In CPFX groups, the LSA (luminal surface of alveoli $\%$) were significantly increased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. According to these results, it is considered as the in vivo antibacterial activity of CPFX was dramatically increased by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san against S. pneumoniae ATCC 6303 infection of respiratory tract.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1991

Experiments were performed in mice(Balb/C) to support the basic efficacy of the human immunoglobulin (IgG) preparation. The antibacterial activity of IgG purified from human sera was examined with or without the quinolone agent, ciprofloxacin(CPFX), against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. Results were as follows: Antibacterial activities in terms of the percentage of survivors, after administration of Ps. aeruginosa into mouse intraperitoneal cavity were in the following order, single IgG group, CPFX administration after IgG pretreatment group, IgG and CPFX combined administration group and CPFX alone group. The number of living bacteria was monitored in blood and liver tissue of mice infected with Ps. aeriginosa and treated by IgG administration. The increase of living bacteria in liver was more drastic than that in blood. Leukocytosis was observed in mice injected with IgG, excluding those only with ciprofloxacin, after 8 hours of administration to see a decrease to normal number of bacteria after 18 hours. No significant difference was noticed between pretreatment group and post treatment group. In vitro susceptibility test of IgG against Ps. aeruginosa, minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) was $250{\mu}g/ml$, resistant to IgG, regardless of a combined administration with CPFX. In vitro test revealed that the IgG itself did not have anti-Ps. aeruginosa activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.684-689
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• 2005

In order to evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Mahwangyounpae-tang which was a traditional poly-herbal formula has been used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in oriental medicine, and quinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CPFX), the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), $MIC_{50}$ and MIC90 of single use of quinolones and concomitant treatment with Mahwangyounpae-tang against 5 strains of aerobic gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella peumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Citrobacter freundii and Pseudomonas aeruginosae. The obtained results were as follows : In the case of aerobic gram negative bacteria, the MIC, $MIC_{50}$ and $MIC_{90}$ against Klebsiella peumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosae was significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Mahwangyounpae-tang compared to those of single treated groups of CPFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Echerichia coli, Hemophilus influenzae and Citrobacter freundii. According to these results, it is considered as the in vitro antibacterial activity of CPFX was dramatically increased by concomitant use of Mahwangyounpae-tang against some strains of aerobic gram negative bacteria and the increase and selectivity of antibacterial activities against strains were chosen by the selectivity of Mahwangyounpae-tang not CPFX activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

Objectives & methods; In order to evaluate the in vivo synergic effect of Mawhangyounpye-tang, a traditional poly-herbal formula used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in Korea, with the quinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPFX), the viable bacterial number and histopathological changes were monitored after experimental respiratory infection with Streptococcus Pneumoniae ATCC 6303. Results: 1. In CPFX groups, the viable bacterial numbers were significantly decreased compared to that of the control group, and were even more dramatically decreased in concomitant group treated with Mawhangyounpye-tang. 2. In the control group, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of alveolar linings were demonstrated at microscopic levels. However, these abnormal histopathological changes were significantly decreased compared. to that of the control group in CPFX groups, and were even more dramatically decreased in concomitant groups treated with Mawhangyounpye-tang. 3. In CPFX groups, the LSA (Iuminal surface of alveoli $\%$) were significantly increased compared to that of the control group, and more dramatically in concomitant groups treated with Mawhangyounpye-tang. Conclusions: According to these results, it is considered that the in vivo antibacterial activity of CPFX against Streptococcus Pneumoniae ATCC 6303 infection of respiratory tract was dramatically increased by concomitant use of Mawhangyounpye-tang.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.419-425
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• 1997

The pharmacokinetics of DWP20364 (1-cyclopropyl -5-amino-6,8-difluoro-7-(2,7-diazabiclo [3,3,0] oct-4-ene-7-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), a novel fluoroquinolone containing C7-bicyc-talc structure, were compared with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to rats using microbiological assay (bioassay). After i.v. administration to rats, the plasma concentrations of the two drugs declined biexponentially. The terminal half-lives (t$_{1}$2$\beta$/) of DWP20364 were 110$\pm$ 13.2 min and 117$\pm$3.09 min after i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively, and they were significantly higher than those of CPFX (45.5$\pm$9.52 min and 48.3$\pm$ 12.1 min, respectively). Similar results were also obtained from plasma concentrations and area under the plasma concentration-time curves. The total body clearance of DWP20364, 7.82$\pm$0.37 ml/min/kg was significantly slower than that of CPFX, 27.3 $\pm$ 11.1 m1/ min/kg. Above data suggested that the antimicrobial activity of DWP20364 could be longer than that of CPFX. The urinary recovery after i.v. and p.o. administration of DWP20364 was significantly lower than those of CPFX suggesting that the effect of DWP20364 on urinary tract infection could be lower than that of CPFX. The serum protein binding values of DWP20364 at 2$\mu$g/ml were apparently 91.5~93.1% in rats and human. DWP20364 was distributed by the order of liver, lung, kidney, sf)leon, heart, muscle and brain collected at 30 min after orally administered.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1848-1852
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• 2008

Salmonella remains a primary cause of food poisoning worldwide, and massive outbreaks have been witnessed in recent years. Therefore, this study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methyl gallate (MG), which exhibited good antibacterial activity ($MIC=3.9-125{\mu}g/ml$) against all the bacterial strains tested. In a checkerboard dilution test, MG markedly lowered the MICs of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) against Salmonella. The combined activity of CPFX and MG against Salmonella resulted in fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) ranging from 0.0037 to 0.015 and from 0.24 to $7.8{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Meanwhile, the FIC index ranged from 0.31-0.37, indicating a marked synergistic relationship between CPFX and MG against Salmonella. Time-kill assays also showed a decrease in the CFU/ml between the combination and the more active compound. Therefore, this study demonstrated that MG and CPFX can act synergistically in inhibiting Salmonella in vitro.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 1995

The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of DWQ-217 (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-chloro-7-(3-amino-4-methylthiomethylpyrrolidinyl )-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid) were compared with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and vancomycin(VCM). DWQ-217 was superior to those of CPFX and VCM against gram positive bacteria. DWQ-217 showed excellent activity against MRSA (MIC of methicillin; $\geq$12.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), MIC$_{90}$=0.013. DWQ-217 possessed strong bactericidal action against gram positive and gram negative strains by MIC/MBC test and killing curve. DWQ-217 and CPFX were administered orally and subcutaneously to mice infected systematically with S. aureus and S. pyogenes, DWQ-217 was $\geq$5-16 fold(p.o.) and $\geq$3-5 fold(s.c.) more active than CPFX.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.195-205
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• 2005

Objective & Methods: To evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, a traditional poly-herbal formula used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in oriental medicine with quinolone antibiotics, represented by ciprofloxacin (CPFX), which was used in the minimal concentration (MIC), $MIC_{50}$ and $MIC_{90}$. of single use of quinolones in concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strain$ of gram positive bacteria. Results: In. the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, $MIC_{50}$ and $MIC_{90}$ against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type I, Type II and Type III were significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of CPFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: The in vitro antibacterial activity of CPFX were increased against some strains of gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1997

The phototoxic potentials of LB20304a a new quinolone compound being developed by LG Chemical Ltd, and reference compounds (Ciprofloxacin; CPFX, Enoxacin; ENX and Lomefloxacin; LFLX) were compared in a murine model. in addition photostability of these compunds was studied after irradiation with long-wave UV light(UVA, 0, 0.3 1 or 3 Joule/$Cm^2$) When hairless mice(9 to 11 weeks old 19-26g) were orally administered with different dose levels of test compunds and exposed to UVA(40J/$cm^2$) inflammatory reactions were observed in a dose dependent manner. Among the compounds tested, LB20304a demonstrated the least phototoxic effects and showed no inflammatroy lesions at a dose level of 100mg.kg (Low dose). ENX and LFLX demonstrated much greater phototoxic reactions while CPFX showed similar or slightly greater phototoxic reactions compared to LB20304a. Similar to the in-vivo results the solutions of LB20304a and CPFX irradiated with UVA demonstrated reduced spectral changes compared to those of ENX and LFLX. In conclusion these data suggest that phototoxic potencies of the quinolones tested were; LFLX > ENX > CPFX $\geq$ LB20304a. No phototoxic dose of LB20304a in mice was 100 mg/kg.