• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.66-78
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• 2010

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the possibility of AR for chronic renal injury. Methods : The author first investigated the expression levels of DNA by inducing of chronic renal injury. Then, the author investigated the effects of AR on chronic renal injury induced by combination treatment with Adriamycin and cisplatin in terms of changes in body weights and renal tissues, urine volume, BUN and creatinine levels, creatinine clearance and histopathological changes in renal tissues. Total expression levels of 546 genes were elevated or lowered by induction of chronic renal injury. Genes of which whose expression levels were elevated by induction of chronic renal injury were related to the PPAR signaling pathway and fatty acid mechanism, etc. Genes of which expression levels were lowered by induction of chronic renal injury were related to the neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling pathway. Results : Oral administration of AR restored renal mass which was reduced by induction of chronic renal injury. AR also restored creatinine clearance and lowered serum BUN level. In histopathological observation, the AR group has a tendency to prevent tissue damages as shown in the chronic renal injury group. Conclusions : AR can be used to treat patients with chronic renal injury although further study will be needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms in the efficacy of AR on chronic renal injury.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of heating-conduction acupuncture therapy on anterior talofibular ligament injury induced by acute and chronic ankle sprain. Methods: From April 19, 2010 to May 30, 2011 the 79 outpatients who had admitted to department of oriental rehabilitation medicine, Dae-Jeon oriental medical hospital, Dae-Jeon university with ankle sprain were performed heating-conduction acupuncture therapy on anterior taIofibular ligament injury. To evaluate the efficiency of heating-conduction acupuncture therapy, pain threshold with pressure algometer and visual analogue scale(VAS) were applied before treatment and after 1st, 2nd treatment. Results: 1. The pain threshold and VAS score showed significant improvement on acute subacute, chronic anterior talofibular ligament injury group. 2. The difference in pain threshold and VAS score between acute, subacute, chronic phase group was not significant. Conclusions: Heating-conduction acupuncture therapy has clinical effects of pan reduction on patient with anterior talofibular ligament injury.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.6
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• pp.1402-1412
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• 2021

Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) is a major complication of acute ankle sprain that can cause discomfort in both daily and sports activities and may lead to degenerative changes in the ankle joint as the long-term sequelae. The precise cause of CLAI remains debatable and is most probably multifactorial. However, identifying chronic lateral ankle ligament injury is critical in determining the primary etiology and formulating an appropriate treatment plan. This review discusses the features and effectiveness of various imaging techniques in diagnosing chronic lateral ankle ligament injury.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.539-544
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• 2004

Herbal medicine has been used in the Eastern world for 2,000 years, and is beneficial for numerous diseases. There have been reports pertaining to the safety of herbal medicine, but there have been few reports about herbal medicine induced liver injury in Eastern or Western medicine. Most are descriptions of hepatotoxicity of certain toxic herbs. We experienced one case of drug induced liver injury in the treatment of cerebral infarction with Chungsim Yeonja-tang. Although the patient had not used medication and Chungsim Yeonja-tang has no toxic herbs in it. patient's ALP, AST, ALT, GGT was twice elevated after 20 days on medication. This was diagnosed as drug induced liver injury, possibly due to incorrect diagnosis of Sasang constitution. So no herbal medicine was given for seven days. Then Gagam Saeng Gan-tang was given. Gagam Saeng Gan-tang have been used to treat hepatic disease and have been known to have beneficial effects. After 25 days on medication, the clinical symptoms and liver function improved. So, this case is presented to bring more attention to the toxicity of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2002

Purpose: To evaluate the overall results and its major affecting factors(athlete/associated injury) of modified Brostrom procedure for chronic ankle lateral instability. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one patients (51 ankles) with chronic ankle lateral instability were sub-grouped athletes and non-athletes and again sub-grouped with associated injury and without associated injury. Associated injuries were osteochondral defect(6), peroneal tendon abnormality(10), os subfibularae(4), os subtibialae(4), anterior impingement(5) and loose body(2). The overall surgical results were evaluated and also see whether or not athletes and associated injury affect the result. Result: Of the 51 operations performed, there were 39 excellent, 8 good and 4 fair as a whole. Of the 24 athletes operated, there were 19 excellent, 3 good, and 2 fair. Among the 27 non-athletes, there were 20 excellent, 5 good and 2 fair results. The average time to ordinary life in the non-athlete group was 2.5 months and average time to sports activity in the athlete was 4.5 months postoperatively. Those who didn't have any associated injury had all excellent result, on the contrary, those who had associated injuries, 14 excellent, 8 good and 4 fair results. All the fair results were associated with osteochondral lesion of talus. Whether or not the patient is athlete does not affect the surgical results, but whether or not there were associated injuries does affect the surgical results. Conclusion: Modified Brostrom procedure for chronic ankle lateral instability itself is an excellent to good operation. This procedure can be used in athletic populations who need high demand of sports activity. But chronic ankle lateral instability with associated injury group showed variable, less satisfactory results than those without associated injury. Careful preoperative and intraoperative examination should be done to find out the associated injury with chronic ankle lateral instability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.42-58
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• 2002

Acute Cd exposure produces hepatotoxicity, whereas chronic Cd exposure produces nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, immunotoxicity and bone damage. Previous experiments suggest that the low-molecular-weight, metal-binding protein metallothionein (MT) in liver protects against liver injury, but is responsible for the kidney injury observed after chronic Cd exposure.(omitted)

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to analyze? the chronic pain of adolescent Taekwondo athletes, to research the understanding about chronic pain of coaches and athletes, to? reduce the development of chronic pain. Materials and Methods: From March. 2006 to June 2007, 210 athletics and 12 coaches of elementary, middle and high school in Kwang-ju city were surveyed. They was evaluated by physical examination, simple radiographs and MRI. Results: In 210 athletics, 162(77.1%) athletes had chronic pain. 19(11.7%) athletes had over three regions of pain, 74(45.7%) athletes had two regions of pain, 69(42.6%) athletes had one region of pain. In 274 cases of 164 athletes, the most common region was foot and ankle(145 cases, 52.9%), followed by hand(47 cases, 17.2%) and knee(38 cases,13.9%), hip(25 cases, 9.1%), and lumbar area(19 cases, 6.9%) The chronic pain was classified by injury type. Contusion of foot was 103 cases(most common), sprain of ankles was 40cases, Contusion of hands and wrists was 28 cases, and so on. The etiologies of injury that causes the chronic pain were match injury in training that is most common, intensive exercise and match injury in competition. Conclusion: The chronic pain was common in adolescent Taekwondo athletes. The ankle and foot were the most common region of chronic pain and the match injury was the most common injury, caused the chronic pain. Although athletes had considerable mental stress about chronic pain, the treatment of chronic pain and rest were insufficient. Therefore the variable effort to prevent injury and to treatment injury must be considered importantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2013

PURPOSE: To identify the effects of single trial transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application on chronic neuropathic pain and the repeated TENS application to development of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: First, 20 rats were given the median nerve ligation to induce chronic neuropathic pain. After the ligation, neuropathic pain was assessed by measuring the forepaws withdrawal threshold to von Frey filaments for 3 weeks. Afterward, rats were randomly divided into TENS group and placebo-TENS group. TENS (frequency 100Hz, pulse width $200{\mu}s$) was applied to the forearm for 20 minutes. Second, 34 rats were randomly allocated into two group after median nerve ligation: TENS group and placebo-TENS group. Both interventions were applied to the forearm for 20 minutes from 1 day to 3 weeks after injury. Neuropathic pain to mechanical was measured on each rat for 3 weeks. RESULTS: Exeprimental rats showed a clear neuropathic pain-like behaviors, such as reduced forepaw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation for 3 weeks, after median nerve ligation. And, TENS decreased effectively the chronic neuropathic pain originated from median nerve injury. TENS also diminished the development of neuropathic pain after nerve injury. CONCLUSION: Our animal model studying for neuropathic pain following median nerve injury may be useful to investigate peripheral neuropathic pain in human. Also, TENS may be used to mediate chronic neuropathic pain and to prevent the development of neuropathic pain following median nerve injury.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 1997

MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) is very useful to visualize the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee. Differential features of ACL injury at MRI according to acute and chronic stage should be evaluated to enable accurate assessment of the integrity or ACL. Distinguishing features of normal anatomy. acute and chronic injuries or ACL at MRI will be reviewed.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

Purpose: (1) To evaluate the trabecular pattern at the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in patients with a PCL injury; (2) to analyze bone microarchitecture by applying gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based texture analysis; and (3) to determine if there is a significant relationship between bone microarchitecture and posterior instability. Materials and Methods: The study included 96 patients with PCL tears. Trabecular patterns were evaluated on T2-weighted MRI qualitatively, and were evaluated by GLCM texture analysis quantitatively. The grades of posterior drawer test (PDT) and the degrees of posterior displacement on stress radiographs were recorded. The 96 patients were classified into two groups: acute and chronic injury. And 27 patients with no PCL injury were enrolled for control. Pearson's correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test were conducted for statistical analyses. This protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Results: A thick and anisotropic trabecular bone pattern was apparent in normal or acute injury (n = 57/61;93.4%), but was not prominent in chronic injury and posterior instability (n = 31/35;88.6%). Grades of PDT and degrees of posterior displacement on stress radiograph were not correlated with texture parameters. However, the texture analysis parameters of chronic injury were significantly different from those of acute injury and control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The trabecular pattern and texture analysis parameters are useful in predicting posterior instability in patients with PCL injury. Evaluation of the bone microarchitecture resulting from altered biomechanics could advance the understanding of PCL function and improve the detection of PCL injury.