• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.24 no.1_2
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• pp.357-366
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• 2007

Let G(V, E) be a simple graph, and let f be an integer function on V with $1{\leq}f(v){\leq}d(v)$ to each vertex $v{\in}V$. An f-edge cover-coloring of a graph G is a coloring of edge set E such that each color appears at each vertex $v{\in}V$ at least f(v) times. The f-edge cover chromatic index of G, denoted by ${\chi}'_{fc}(G)$, is the maximum number of colors such that an f-edge cover-coloring of G exists. Any simple graph G has an f-edge cover chromatic index equal to ${\delta}_f\;or\;{\delta}_f-1,\;where\;{\delta}_f{=}^{min}_{v{\in}V}\{\lfloor\frac{d(v)}{f(v)}\rfloor\}$. Let G be a connected and not complete graph with ${\chi}'_{fc}(G)={\delta}_f-1$, if for each $u,\;v{\in}V\;and\;e=uv{\nin}E$, we have ${\chi}'_{fc}(G+e)>{\chi}'_{fc}(G)$, then G is called an f-edge covered critical graph. In this paper, some properties on f-edge covered critical graph are discussed. It is proved that if G is an f-edge covered critical graph, then for each $u,\;v{\in}V\;and\;e=uv{\nin}E$ there exists $w{\in}\{u,v\}\;with\;d(w)\leq{\delta}_f(f(w)+1)-2$ such that w is adjacent to at least $d(w)-{\delta}_f+1$ vertices which are all ${\delta}_f-vertex$ in G.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2006

This study analyzed and compared the color characteristics of preferred textiles for blouses and shirts of college students. After the survey of preference in fabrics for blouses and shirts of college students according to season, colors of preferred fabrics were analyzed. Spectral data were measured and a chromaticity diagram was drawn. The color of shirt fabric that college students preferred in the spring/fall was PB (Purple-Blue) and light shades, and in summer, PB color and pale shades. Generally achromatic black or a simple color that is close to an achromatic color, light and soft shades were preferred. For blouse fabric, PB, d (dull) and g (grayish) tones were preferred in spring/fall, G (Green) and It., d. were preferred in summer. Achromatic white and medium, soft shaded chromatic especially greenish colors were preferred. In spring fall, regardless of the clothing item, PB was the most preferred color. Y (Yellow) was the most preferred color for shirts, and for blouses, R (Red) was the most preferred. For achromatic color, black is preferred for shirts, white is preferred for blouses. In summer, the color of preferred shirt fabric was PB, and blouse fabric had a lot of G color. College students prefer simple colors which are close to achromatic colors, and light and soft color were preferred for shirt fabric and they preferred various, medium shaded and closer to pure colors for blouses because college students tend to consider the aesthetic side as important and usually wear blouses less often than shirts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 1996

Field experiment was conducted to get the basic information about the difference in color and plastid pigments at the different stage of harvest of flue-cured tobacco cultivated in paddy field, and compared to upland ones. All tested crops were primed in lots of 3 to 4 at each priming, beginning at the bottom of the plant. Leaf pigments and chromatic values of tobacco leaves were determined in samples collected at weekly intervals, and according to analyses obtained from 4 stalk positions. By the degree of maturity, leaves harvested were separated with visual characters into four classes of immature, mature, ripe and mellow. regardless of stalk position, chlorophyll contents was higher in the order of immature > mature > ripe > mellow, respectively. In fresh leaves, chlorophyll levels was higher with ascending stalk position. chlorophyll a and b in cured leaves were less than 10% of the amount present at harvest, and it was estimated that maturity condition also influenced the rates of degradation of plastid pigments. Fully mature leaves of upland diverted from paddy field showed slightly higher in chlorophyll contents than in those of upland tobacco ones but somewhat lowered in $L^*$ and $b^*$ values, and there was no difference in $a^*$ value.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2012

An in-situ optical monitoring method for real-time process monitoring of electrochemical copper deposition (CED) is presented. Process variables to be controlled in achieving desired process results are numerous in the CED process, and the importance of the chemical bath conditions cannot be overemphasized for a successful process. Conventional monitoring of the chemical solution for CED relies on the pH value of the solution, electrical voltage level for the reduction of metal cations, and gravity measurement by immersing sensors into a plating bath. We propose a nonintrusive optical monitoring technique using three types of optical sensors such as chromatic sensors and UV/VIS spectroscopy sensors as potential candidates as a feasible optical monitoring method. By monitoring the color of the plating solution in the bath, we revealed that optically acquired information is strongly related to the thickness of the deposited copper on the wafers, and that the chromatic information is inversely proportional to the ratio of $Cu$ (111) and {$Cu$ (111)+$Cu$ (200)}, which can used to measure the quality of the chemical solution for electrochemical copper deposition in advanced interconnection technology.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.19 no.1 s.92
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

In order to optimize the process for development of super deep black fiber, the silica-containing polyester fabric, SN2000, was investigated in terms of mass reduction process by sodium hydroxide, selection of high color strength dyes, and resin treatment. As the results, the mass reduction condition which used 15g/L of sodium hydroxide at $120^{\circ}C$ was determined and Dianix Deep Black Plus was selected for the best deep coloration at around 5% owf. Contrary to the prevailed understanding that the additional use of chromatic dyes would enhance the deep coloration, four kinds of chromatic dyes such as yellow, red, blue, and green dyes did not make great effect on the deep coloration. To increase the effect, the commercial resin that has low refractive index was used additionally and the resin made it possible to lower the lightness of the fabrics down to 8.7 which was generally accepted for super highly deep black fabric.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-498
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• 2022

Based on Goethe's color theory, this study presented concepts and classification methods through the following research methods for the purpose of defining sensory, emotional, and experiential colors as spatial colors in digital space. First, the concept of spatial color is defined through theoretical consideration and three (3) types of spatial color are classified as the surface, outline, and physical colors. Secondly, the study includes the characteristics of digital space and color sensory type. Third, based on the identified color sensory type through the previous theoretical consideration, the four (4) categorized digital spatial color were derived and presented as techno Chromatic, S.E.N.S.E, pixel, and blur colors were determined and proposed. Based on such research contents, this study is meaningful in that it systematized the meaning of Goethe's color theory in the present age through digital spatial color.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

Cycling has become a popular leisure activity, and many cycling enthusiasts have used cycling clothes as a form of expression, which often comes in wide range of colors. The study shows the importance of color in cycling clothing to meet the emotional needs of consumers. Furthermore, this study aims to provide comparative analysis between color of domestic and overseas cycling clothing brands, and color preference of Korean consumers in order to provide data, which can be used in satisfying consumers' needs for personal expression and emotional demands. Thus, the study expects to identify consumers' satisfaction for cycling clothing. The consumers were categorized by the frequency of cycling and their interest in fashion, and the following categories were made:potential consumers, casual cyclists with low fashion involvement, casual cyclists with high fashion involvement and frequent cyclists with high fashion involvement. Consumers preferred dark colors for their cycling clothing including jacket, top and pants, while 'frequent cyclists with high fashion involvement' preferred more diverse colors and tones. In the cycling clothing market, white and black were major colors, while red, orange and blue were major colors of chromatic color. In terms of shade, dark shade dominated the market. Comparing between preferred color and preferred product color, black was preferred for both, but no other colors showed such tendency. This study is based on empirical analysis and verification of color, which is the emotional element appealing to specific and segmented sports-apparel market. The study revealed that the data could be applicable to the design of future products.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2011

Cotton fabrics was treated with persimmon juice by padding and their dyeability and functionality were assessed including antibacterial activity and deodorization ratio. The merit of padding-based dyeing was easier color reproduction over traditional hand dyeing where various colors and color fastness to light and laundering are hard to obtain. With larger number of padding, the dyed fabrics showed deeper red-yellow colors, which had low brightness and high chromatic colors. The dyed cotton fabrics had a perspiration fastness of 4~5 rating, a rubbing fastness of 3~4 rating, and a washing fastness of 4 rating, As the number of padding and exposed time to sunlight or UV light increase, the values of K/S and ${\Delta}E$ increased and the colors became much deeper gradually. The color development had completed about 70 hours exposure to UV. Among the light sources, the dyed fabrics exposed to UV light showed deeper yellow-red color than those of exposed to sunlight. The cotton fabrics treated with premordants like Al, Cr, Cu, and Sn revealed strong yellow colors, especially the fabrics treated with Fe mordant showed greenish red-yellow colors. As the padding times of dyeing with persimmon juice increased, stiffness and water repellent property were enhanced in warp and weft directions, respectively. Also, the dyed fabrics have good antibacterial activity and deodorization.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.828-837
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• 2015

The results of the analysis of dyed rayon fabrics treated with persimmon juice by padding are as follows. Rayon fabrics were dyed repeatedly with persimmon juice by a padding mangle for the development of dyeability. The merits of padding-based dyeing were easier color reproduction (versus traditional hand dyeing) of hard to obtain colors and color fastness to light and laundering. The add on weight increased with the number of padding times, and the color of the dyed fabrics had red-yellow colors with low brightness and high chromatic colors. Properties of fabrics treated with persimmon juice were: $2^{nd}$ level of light resistance, $4^{th}-5^{th}$ perspiration fastness levels, rubbing fastness, and $3^{rd}-4^{th}$ washing fastness levels. Dyed fabrics exposed to UV light have a deep yellow-red color that increased lightness and darken when exposed to sunlight. Rayon fabrics of a treated premordant indicated strong yellow colors, especially fabrics with Fe mordant indicated greenish red-yellow colors. The direction of the weft and warp increased and improved water-repellent qualities that increased with the number of dyeing padding times and persimmon juice; however, there was less anti-crease resistance. In addition, fabrics had good antibacterial activity and deodorization.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.347-362
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• 2012

The analysis results of the characteristics of children's clothes for school girls from the 2006S/S-2010S/S collections reveal that the most frequent type of item composition was 2'PS & 3'PS. T-shirts were the popular kind of item for upper garments and pants for lower garments. The major silhouettes were H and A line. The predominant neckline was U, which was followed by camisole and V. The major collar styles were stand-up and flat. Chromatic colors were used more than achromatic ones and after white the most popular colors were blue, pink, red, black, navy, and green. The dominant color scheme was a two-color or three-color scheme. The percentage of solid and patterned material garments was the highest and the most popular pattern was flowers. The most popular style of garment had no decorative detail that was followed by one-item, two-item, and three-item decoration. The major kinds of decorative detail were frills, pleats, and prints.