• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 2011

The cardiopulmonary responses during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) between remifentanil/propofol infusion and remifentanil/ketamine infusion in dogs were compared. Fourteen healthy adult beagle dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, SC) and medetomidine (20 ${\mu}g$/kg, IV), and anesthetized for 3 hr with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min)/propofol (loading dose: 1 mg/kg, CRI: 0.3 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'P') or remifentanil/ ketamine (loading dose : 5 mg/kg, CRI: 0.1 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'K'), respectively. Hemodynamics, blood gas analysis and behavioral changes during recovery were measured. The level of anesthesia was determined by toe-web clamping test. The level of surgical anesthesia was maintained throughout the experiment in both groups. Systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, $PaO_2$ and $SpO_2$ in group 'K' were significantly higher than in group 'P', and were maintained near the normal ranges. In addition, $PaO_2$ in group 'K' was significantly lower than in group 'P'. However, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were not significantly differed. Mean extubation time from the end of infusion was significantly reduced in group 'K', but mean sitting time was significantly reduced in group 'P'. Mean head-up time and mean walking time were not significantly differed. In group 'K', brief muscle rigidity, head waving and licking during recovery were observed. In conclusion, infusion rate of ketamine (0.1 mg/ kg/min) with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min) is an appropriate for obtaining the surgical plane of anesthesia. These results showed that group 'K' had better cardiopulmonary function than group 'P'. That is, remifentanil/ketamine CRI is better TIVA protocol than remifentanil/propofol CRI for 3 hr surgery.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

A filtrate powder, designated as KNF2022, produced from culture broth of Acinetobacter sp. KTB3 was tested for their inhibitory effects on Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection to Nicotiana glutinosa or N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc. When 1/100 dilution with distilled water was treated to the plants and PMMoV was inoculated, the inhibition was estimated to be 94.3 and 95.6%, respectively. The same concentrations of KNF2022 inhibited infections of Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on Chenopodium amaranticolor by 97.1 and 92.5%, respectively. Duration of inhibitory activity of the filtrate powder from Acinetobacter sp. culture broth against PMMoV infection on N. glutinosa was maintained for 2 days at 80% inhibition level, however, the inhibitory effect was diminished from 4 days after treatment to 50% levels. To evaluate inhibitory effects on systemic host plants of the antiviral agent, symptom developments of PMMoV, PepMoV and CMV on KNF2022-treated pepper plants were investigated. Delayed symptom developments until 10 days after inoculation (DAI) were observed for all the three viruses when the viruses were inoculated individually, and these delayed symptom development effects were maintained until 30 DAI in case of PepMoV. Moreover, PepMoV was not detected by RT-PCR and ELISA until 30 DAI. These delayed symptom development effects were diminished in all combinations of three virus co-inoculations due to synergism of three viruses on symptom developments. Inhibitory effect of KNF2022 was verified under electron microscopic examinations using purified virus preparations. Particles of PMMoV and PepMoV were observed on specimens from 5 min after KNF2022 treatment, and the particle sizes were reached in the range of 200-250 nm and 400-600 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the viral particles were destructed and particle sizes were reached in the range of 100-150 nm and 300-500 nm, respectively, on 60 min after treatments. Reduction of local lesion numbers on N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and C. amaranticolor were accompanied with reduction of virus particle sizes. In the case of CMV destructed particle numbers were also increased according to incubation period after KNF2022 treatment and local lesions on C. amaranticolor were reduced.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2002

Purpose: Foreign body swallowing is common in children. Most of foreign bodies passed upper esophagus are removed spontaneously. But recently, therapeutic endoscopy in children is widely used. In this study, we reviewed gastric foreign bodies regarding types, location, interval from swallowing, complications, and treatment or method of removal. Methods: We reviewed medical records of 96 cases with foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract at Department of Pediatrics in Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) from Feb 1987 to Feb 2002. Results: The peak age of patients (male=60, female=36) with foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract was 2 to 5 years of age. Sixty two patients (64.5%) were asymptomatic. The location of foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract were detected by simple X-ray in eighty one patients (86.0%), barium study (1 case), and gastroduodenoscopy in 37 cases. The most common location was stomach (63.5%). The most common foreign body was coin (41.7%). In thirty seven cases (38.5%), foreign bodies were removed with flexible gastroduodenoscopy. Fifty four patients (56.3%) visited GNUH in 24 hours after swallowing foreign bodies. The long interval (over 24 hours) of swallowing of foreign bodies is related with high frequency of endoscopic removal. Conclusion: The flexible gastroduodenoscopy was effective in diagnosis and removal of foreign bodies. Further studies for indication and validity of endoscopic removal of foreign bodies in upper gastrointestinal tract are needed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in young children and to provide information for an effective guideline for palivizumab administration in Korea. Methods : We reviewed medical charts of 167 patients under 3 years of age who were hospitalized in Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital for lower respiratory tract infection between January 2007 and February 2011. Diagnosis of the virus was made based on the multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction. Results : There were 113 patients who were infected by respiratory syncytial virus. 90 patients were term infants and 23 patients were preterm infants. No difference was shown between term and preterm infants except the days of admission which was 9.0${\pm}$6.0 days and 12.6${\pm}$21.0 days respectively. In the preterm group their mean age at the time of admission was 5.21${\pm}$4.9 months and the mean gestational age was 33.1${\pm}$4.3 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 2,152${\pm}$950 g. Only 4 patients were born under 28 weeks gestational age and were candidates for palivizumab administration. Conclusion : Most of the patients with severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection were term or near term infants who were not candidates for palivizumab prophylaxis. A nationwide study is needed to make a new risk stratified guideline for RSV prophylaxis for our country.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2015

Purpose It is hard to obtain high quality images of knee and T.M joint because of a lot of soft tissues in the knee and T.M joint area. Most conventional system for high resolution scintigraphy was used by 4 mm aperture pinhole collimator. Performance comparison of high-resolution pinhole SPECT for Micro deluxe phantom using conventional system. the aim of this study is to evaluate performance of each aperture according to the diameter size and the usefulness of 24-hour delayed bone scintigraphy. Materials and Methods In this study 6 mm, 8 mm diameter pinhole collimators were mounted on Siemens E.CAM systems. In order to evaluate performance evaluation of each aperture and Micro Deluxe phantom was used for performance comparison of conventional SPECT system, Projection data were obtained with 9 degree increment per 30 second. Transverse images were reconstructed using dedicated OSEM algorithm with recovery of detector blurring. $^{99m}Tc-HDP$ source was used for 24-hour delayed bone scintigraphy. Results The knee joint images obtained with 24-hour delay were improved more than those obtained with 3-hour delay in our study. The 6 mm and 8 mm pinhole collimators FWHM have improved by 28% SNR and Uniformity have improved by 35%, Contrast has improved by 7% in 24-hour delayed knee joint image. While in 24-hour delayed T.M joint image of the 6 mm and 8 mm pinhole collimators FWHM have decreased by 60% SNR has decreased by 20% and Uniformity has decreased by 25%, Contrast has decreased significantly. Conclusion Pinhole collimators with 6 mm and 8 mm diameter could offer a superior performance for 24-hour delayed bone scintigraphy. The use of 24-hour delayed image provides additional benefits for pinhole scintigraphy of knee joint. Therefore, we expect that it is useful for precise diagnosis of knee joint and it is applicable to others joint imaging.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. $2MT\;ha^{-1}$ limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was $7,848kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and $6,941kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control ($5,742kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $8,685kg\;ha^{-1}$ in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and forage quality of native grasses, such as $Phragmites$ $communis$ which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions surveyed were the Haenam ranch in Haenam, Pyeongchang, Wonju, and Yeonggwang. In Haenam, yearly silage production harvested from 300 ha was 2,000 MT (7 MT/ha). All of those round bale silages were self-consumed in that region, and marketing price was 50,000~55,000 won per roll (110 won/kg). $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 150 cm in length contained 8.4% crude protein (CP) with relative feed value (RFV) 71.9 and 60.1% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), which was somewhat more favorable than forage quality of rice straw. The silage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ varied greatly by the time of harvest (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, and IVDMD 41.9~53.9%), even with the same district and of the same original forage materials. Generally, the quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ silage of was poorer than that of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. In Pyeongchang, forage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ was decreased from 13.9% to 7.6% in CP, 90.7 to 76.1 in RFV, and 72.9% to 54.7% in IVDMD, as plant was getting mature, from 79 cm to 117 cm, 121 cm or to 142 cm in length. In Wonju, the quality values of $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 130 cm in length were 8.5% CP, 82.3 RFV and 70.2% IVDMD, while those of matured grasses of 220 cm in length were lower (10.2% CP, 65.1 RFV and 48.9% IVDMD), but this was a little more favorable than quality of rice straw. In Yeonggwang, feeding $Phragmites$ $communis$ was tried in a Hanwoo feed, but stopped due to low profitability. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses including $Phragmites$ $communis$ in this survey was poor. Therefore, we recommend that $Phragmites$ $communis$ and native grasses should be harvested on June or July to obtain richer forage quality in forage values than rice straw.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella on the change of nutritive value, quality and microbes regarding the mixture silage of Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch (IRG-HV silage). The content of crude protein of IRG-HV silage in only the LAB treatment was not different as compared to the control. However, the content of crude protein significantly increased in the treatment of LAB with chlorella, compared to both the control and LAB treatments (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility of IRG-Alfalfa silage were not significantly different in all treatments. Further, the pH of IRG-HV silage in only the LAB treatment was not different as compared to control, but decreased in both LAB and chlorella treatments (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in the LAB treatment increased as compared to the control, and also significantly increased in the LAB treatment with chlorella (p<0.05). In addition, the number of LAB in LAB treatment increased as compared to the control, and significantly also increased in the LAB treatment with chlorella (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that IRG-HV silage improved with addition of both LAB and chlorella.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2009

The pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid (OA) were studied after oral administration, intraperitoneal injection and dipping to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (average 90 g, $23{\pm}1{^{\circ}C}$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 48, 96 and 144 h post-dose. In oral dosage at 15, 30 and 60 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OA, which attained at 10~15 h post-dose, were 1.92, 2.45 and 3.72 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. In intraperitoneal injection with 10 and 20 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OA, which attained at 10 h post-dose, were 4.1 and 4.8 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. In dipping in 30 and 50 ppm for 1 h, peak concentrations were observed at 5 h and 30 h post-dose, were 0.22 and 0.38 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of OA in plasma were analyzed fitting to a one-compartment model by WinNonlin program. Calculated parameters for a single oral dosage of 15, 30 and 60 ㎎/㎏, respectively, were: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)=70.93, 120.0 and 141.86 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)=16.22, 20.39 and 17.33 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)=���D1.61, 2.40 and 3.01 $\mu{g}/m\ell$. Following intraperitoneal injection of 10 and 20 ㎎/㎏, these parameters were AUC=184.7 and 315.92 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$=5.91 and 6.26 h; $C_{max}$=4.19 and 4.45 $\mu{g}/m\ell$. Following dipping at 30 and 50 ppm, these parameters were AUC=17.58 and 21.69 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$=19.08 and 31.43 h; $C_{max}$x=0.22 and 0.25 $\mu{g}/m\ell$.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical results and prove the effectiveness of arthroscopic capsular release in refractory adhesive capsulitis of shoulder. Materials and Methods: We preformed arthroscopic capsular refractory adhesive capsulitis that not responded by stretching execies for above 1 year. 21 cases were followed above 1 year and average follow up 3 years 1 months (1${\sim}$5 years). We checked VAS of pain, ADL of function. UCLA score which were evaluated at preoperation, postoperation 6 months, 1 years and last follow up period, and compared with each other at last follow up. Results: The VAS score improved average preoperative score 8 to average postoperative score1, the ADL score improved average preoperative score 7 to average postoperative score 26, the UCLA score improved average preoperative score 8 to average postoperative score 34. Forward elevation improved average preoperative 75 degrees to average postoperative 175 degrees, external rotatiion at side improved average preoperative 4 degrees to average postoperative 52 degrees, abduction improved average Preoperative 60 degrees to average postoperative 170 degrees, internal rotation at posterior improved preoperative thigh-lumbar 3 spinous process to postoperative 7th thoracic spinous process~9th thoracic spinous process. Conclusion: Arthroscopic capsular release in refractory adhesive capsulitis that non responsive to stretching exercise for above 1 year were effective treatment method.