• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 암모니아 산화세균과 종속영양세균을 포함한 세균 생물막에 대한 chlorite ($0.66{\pm}0.01mg/L$)의 영향을 monochloramine ($1.77{\pm}0.03mg/L$)의 존재 유무에 따른 조건에서 알아보았다. Chlorite 단독 또는 monochloramine과 함께 적용한 경우에서 공히 생물막과 물 시료에 존재하는 암모니아 산화세균은 검출한계($0.6MPN/cm^2$ and 0.2 MPN/ml)에 근접한 수준으로 감소되는 것으로 나타났지만, chlorite/monochloramine으로 함께 첨가했을 때의 저해효과가 더욱 크게 나타났다. 종속영양세균의 경우 암모니아 산화세균과 달리 chlorite에 의한 저해가 거의 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 chlorite/monochloramine으로 적용한 경우 생물막과 물 시료에서 종속영양세균의 개체 수는 대조군 대비 각각 3.1 log와 3.0 log 감소하는 상당한 저해 효과를 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 상수관망에 형성된 생물막에 존재하는 질산화 세균과 종속영양세균에 대한 효과적 제어방법중의 하나로 chlorite와 monochloramine 혼합사용의 성공적 가능성을 제시해 준다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2000

We present characteristics of hydrothermal chlorite and its interstratification with 7-$\AA$ mineral phase that occur in the propylitic alteration zone of the Bobae sericite deposit formed in rhyodacitic tuff. Chlorite is found as disseminated fine-grained aggregate or replacement materials of precursor minerals such as Fe-oxides and amphibole. Based on X-ray diffraction(XRD), all chlorites belong to IIb polytype and the (060) reflections averaging $1.53~1.54\AA$ indicate a trioctahedral structure. Chemical compositions of chlorite show that the Fe/(Fe+Mg) values are mostly in the range of 0.44~0.53, and cation deficiencies in octahedral sites range from 0.06 to 0.37. Under scanning electron microscope(SEM) chlorite occurs as well-crystallized aggregates and is subparallely stacked in interstices or between grain boundaries of associated minerals. transmission electron microscopic(TEM) images reveal that chlorite shows regular layers with $14-\AA$ spacings, locally interstratified with $7-\AA$ or $21-\AA$ periodicities. The $21- \AA$ periodicity corresponds to the sum of the $d_{001}$ values of chlorite and $7-\AA$ phase. The chlorite packet coexisting with 7-$\AA$ layers displays abundant defects such as edge dislocations and layer terminations. Selected-area electron diffraction(SAED) indicates that chlorite and $7-\AA$ phase are randomly interstratified in the mixed-layer areas. We propose a lateral change of layers for the polymorphic transition of $7-\AA$ phase to chlorite.e.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.66-76
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• 1999

Intergrowth texture of biotite and chlorite crystals within an amphibolitic schist of the northwestern Okchon metamorphic belt was investigated using back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). BSE images show that thin chlorite and biotite packets are mixed along (001) plane to result in intergrowth texture. In addition, rutile particles of submicron size occur exclusively at the boundaries between biotite and chlorite stacks. HRTEM investigation and remnant biotite layers are closely associated with such boundaries, suggestinga possibility that chlorite layers were formed from biotite during retrograde metamorphic reaction. Such intepretation of the origin of intergrowth texture can be further supported biotite is approximately 2 w%, and that of chlorite usually lower than 0.2 wt%. Ti was apparently leached out during the alteratin of biotite to precipitate rutile particles at the such rutile particles could be an important indicator showing that the intergrowth texture of chlorite and biotite is originated by a retrograde metamorphism rather than by incomplete chlorite-to-biotite reaction during prograde metamorphism. Biotite crystals contain intercalated chlorite layers will result in somewhat high Mg and Al, and the use of such inhomogeneous biotite will result in impreciese geothermobarometric calculations.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2000

Chlorite from the talc deposits in the Chungnam area, Korea, has been studied using electron microprobe analysis and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Talc orea are hydrothermal alteration products of serpentinite which was originated from ultramafic rocks. Chlorite occurs in close association with talc ores of with the black alteration zone between talc ore bodies and granitic gneiss. It is the most abundant impurity mineral of talc ores. Chlorite in association with talc is characterized by very high but narrow variation in Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios (0.784~0.951), significant octahedral substitution (-0.200~0.692), wide variation in Al contents (1.085~3.160 / 14 oxygens), and high Cr and Ni contents. It was formed under a very limited but high Mg/(Mg+Fe) condition in close connection with serpentinite. Chlorite in the black alteration zone is characterized by a high Fe content, wide variation in Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios (0.378~0.852), narrow octahedral substitution (-0.035~0.525), high narrow Al contents (1.468~2.959), and low Cr and Ni contents. It was formed under a low Mg/(Mg+Fe) and relatively Al-rich condition in close connection with county rocks. Two different chemical modes for chlorite suggest two different origins for two different chlorites. Although most of chlorites show typical 14-$\AA$ lattice fringe images under HRTEM, some chlorites show fringe images of 21-$\AA$ (14$\AA$+7$\AA$) spacings within (001) lattice-fringe images of chlorite (14$\AA$). But brown chlorite from the black zone has high Ti and K contents suggesting that mica was the precursor of brown chlorite. Such possibility is also supported by the fact that lattice-fringe images of brown chlorite show 14-$\AA$ chlorite layers in which 10-$\AA$ mica single layer or packets are interlayered. Partial terminations from 3 mica layers to 2 chlorite layers are often observed. It, therefore, is suggested that the chlorite associated with talc ores is a hydrothermal alteration products of serpentinite, whereas the chlorites in the black alteration zone is a hydrothermal alteration product of granitic gnesis under a partial influence of serpentinite.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.60-73
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• 1997

The talc of the Daeheung, Pyeongan, and Cheongdang (Shinyang) talc deposits in the Yesan-Gongju-Cheongyang area is a hydrothermal alteration product of serpentinite originated from ultramafic rocks. The mineral assemblages in alteration zones are: serpentine, serpentine-talc, talc, talc-chlorite, talc-phlogopite-chlorite, and talc-tremolite-chlorite. Chemical distributions in both the Al2O3-FeO-MgO system and the immobile elements suggest that the serpentine-talc and talc rocks are the reaction product of ultramafic rocks and silicic hydrothermal solution without addition of other granitic components, whereas chlorite-, phlogopite-, and tremolite-bearing rocks are the metasomatic alteration product of serpentinite by hydrothermal solution affected by granitic gneiss. Discontinuities in the immobile element ratios of mineral assemblages are due to changes in their mineralogy. The relative contents of Al2O3, TiO2, Zr in the talc-phlogopite-chlorite and talc-tremolite-chlorite rocks increase irregularly with increasing phlogopite, tremolite, and/or chlorite contents in contrast to other ore types. But the relative contents of Cr, Ni, and Co are uniform in all the mineral assemblages. Chemistry of each mineral assemblage formed by steatitization of serpentinite suggests that Cr, Co, Ni, MgO, and Fe2O3 are relatively immobile during the alteration, whereas SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and K2O are highly increased. The contents of chlorite, phlogopite, and tremolite in each mineral assemblage might be controlled by addition of Al2O3, K2O, and CaO, respectively. The high contents of other elements than immobile elements in the altered rocks as compared with unaltered rocks indicate that a large amount of elements were introduced from hydrothermal solution up to about 8∼41% in total mass showing maximum value in the talc-phlogopite-chlorite rock.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2005

충남 유구지역 활석광상의 활석광석에서 관찰되는 활석과 녹니석의 혼합층상특성을 투과전자 현미경을 이용하여 연구하였다. 일반적으로 활석 내에 녹니석의 패킷이 존재하거나 혹은 그 반대로 녹니석 내에 활석의 패킷이 존재하는 것을 쉽게 관찰할 수 있다. 일부 시료에서는 국지적으로 불규칙한 활석-녹니석 혼합층상을 보인다. 확인된 활석-녹리석의 반응관계는 활석 층내에서 브루사이트층이 첨가 또는 제거되어 1개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층의 반응으로 나타나는 경우와, 하나의 활석층이 손실되면서 브루사이트층을 제공하거나 브루사이트층이 활석화되어 2개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층의 반응관계로 나타나는 경우가 있다. 이들은 모두 상당한 부피 변화를 수반한다. 또한 부피변화가 최소화되는 반응으로서 앞의 두 경우가 서로 결합된 경우와 부피변화가 증가되거나 감소되는 반응이 복합적으로 일어나는 경우가 있다. 이 경우 2개의 녹니석층과 3개의 활석층, 두 개의 녹니석층 + 1개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층 + 3개의 활석층, 3개의 녹니석층과 5개의 활석층 등의 복합적인 반응관계가 관찰되었다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

옥천 변성대 남서부 지역에서 산출되는 변성 니질암에서는 muscovite, biotite 및 chlorite를 주로하는 phyllosilicate가 서로 intergrowth 또는 interlayer를 이루는 것이 편광현미경 관찰, EPMA 분석, Back Scattered Electron (BSE) image 관찰 및 Transmission Electron Micro-scope(TEM) 관찰을 통하여 확인되었다. 이들 광물들은 편광현미경 관찰에서 흔히 각각의 입자를 식별할 수 없을 정도의 미세 규모로 서로 intergrow 되어 있으며BSE image에서는 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$ 이하의 아주 작은 크기에서부터 10.0$\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도 크기까지 다양한 규모의 intergrow를 형성하고 있음이 관찰되었다. TEM scale에서는 개별 layer 크기(약 10$\AA$)에서부터 수십 개 layer 크기의 interlayering을 보여준다. 이와 같은 intergrowth 또는 interlayering의 결과로 EPMA 분석에서 종종 보기에는 규진(homogeneous)한 입자라 하더라도 두 개 이상의 광물 성분이 섞여 있는 분석값을 나타내며 이러한 nonstoichiometry는 BSE image에서 interlayer(또는 intergrow) 된 것으로 관찰되는 부분에서 더욱 두드러진다.Chlorite zone에서는 chlorite와 muscovite의 interlayering (C/M)이 주로 발견되며 biotite zone과 garnet zone에서는 chlorite와 biotite의 interlayer (C/B)가 주로 관찰된다. 이는 chlorite zone에서는 속성작용에서 보편적으로 나타나는 C/M으로부터 chlorite가 분리되는 광물반응이 일어나는데 반해서 biotite zone과 garnet zone에서는 chlorite로부터 C/B를 거쳐 biotite를 생성하는 광물반응이 일어나는 것을 의미한다. 이와 같은 현상은 변성작용에서 phollosilicate의 광물반응의 엄밀한 의미에서는 평형(equilibrium) 상태에서 균질한 광물을 생성하기보다는 비평형(disequilibrium) 반응으로 일어난다는 것을 의미한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.289-309
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• 1993

Milyang pyrophyllite deposit which was formed by hydrothermal alteration occurs in Late Cretaceous andesitic tuff in the Milyang area, Gyeongsangnamdo. The wall rock alteration and genesis of the Milyang pyrophyllite deposit were studied. The ore minerals are composed dominantly of pyrophyllite accompanied by small amounts of quartz, kaolinite, pyrite, dumortierite and diaspore. The alteration halo of this deposit can be divided into three zones on the basis of mineral assemblage; pyrophyllite, sericite and chlorite zone. The common mineral assemblages of each alteration zone are as follows: (1) pyrophyllite zone; pyrophyllite-quartz-kaolinite-pyrite-dumortierite-diaspore, (2) sericite zone; sericite-quartz-pyrite-kaolinite, and (3) chlorite zone; chlorite-plagioclase-quartz. Major element chemistry shows that characteristic depletion in MgO, CaO, and $Na_2O$ and relative increase in FeO from less altered chlorite zone to extensively altered pyrophyllite zone corresponding to variation in mineral assemblages. The paragenesis of ore minerals, oxygen isotope data, chlorite and illite geothermometry suggest that ore deposit was formed at about $250{\sim}330^{\circ}C$. Both hydrogen and silica activities are high in pyrophyllite zone. Potassium activity increases in sericite zone while hydrogen activity becomes low in chlorite zone. The pyrophyllite zone was formed relatively higher temperature than those of sericite and chlorite zones. The ore fluid was considered to be magmatic water in origin derived from the residual granitic magma which interacted with meteoric water.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 1997

Precambrian metapelites and metapsammites of the Jinan-Osu area (so-called Seologri and Yongamsan Formation) consist of black slate, phyllite, mica schist, quartzite and rarely calc schist. They are intruded by Sunkagsan granite gneiss, Foliated granodiorite, Amphibolite, Sunchang foliated granite and Namwon granite. Mylonite texture, crenulation cleavage and minor shear zone are common. The meta-sedimentary rocks include various rock-fragments xenoliths in size (up to 3 cm) and rock-type. They have various porphyroblastic spots in size (up to 1 cm) and their mineral composition is different. The xenoliths are schists, granite and quartzite, which are rectangular or lens form and recrystallized muscovite, chlorite and quartz. Spots are andalusite and biotite aggregates extensively replaced by chlorite. The metamorphic terrain is divided into three zones of progressive metamorphism on the basis of mineral assemblage. They are chlorite zone, chloite-biotite zone and andalusite-biotite zone ascending order, from west to east approximately. Isograd reactions are phengitic muscovite + chlorite = less phengitic muscovite + biotite + quartz + $H_2O$ and muscovite + chlorite + quartz = andalusite + biotite + $H_2O$ between the chlorite zone and chlorite-biotite zone, and between the chloritebiotite zone and andalusite-biotite zone, respectively. Sample B6 (exposed near the Obong-ri) includes staurolites and greenish biotites, that is different in mineral assemblage and chemical composition from the meta-sedimentary rocks. Sample A12 (exposed near the Shinam-ri) has greenish white spots (up to 1 cm in diameter) mainly composed of Kfeldspar, quartz and sillimanite replaced by muscovite.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.556-562
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• 2000

간접 요오드화법의 UV 검출을 이용한 흐름주입분석에 의한 아염소산 이온의 정량에 관하여 연구하였다. 산성 조건하에서 아염소산은 요오드화 이온을 요오드로 산화시키고 자신은 염화 이온으로 환원된다. UV 370nm에서 노란 색으로 발색된 요오드의 흡광도를 측정하여 아염소산 이온을 간접적으로 정량 하였다. 흐름주입분석-UV검출 장치를 이용한 무기성 소독부산물인 아염소산 이온을 선택적으로 정량하기 위한 분석 인자로서 혼합 및 반응코일 길이, 산성 용리액의 pH, 요오드화 이온의 농도, 주입고리부피, 반응 온도, 유속을 최적화 하였다. 조제수로부터 산화제나 방해 물질들을 제거하기 위한 가리움제를 조사하였다. 아염소산 이온에 대한 0.002~0.2 mg/L의 선형 농도 범위에서 검정곡선은 0.999이상의 상관계수를 나타내였다. 아염소산 이온의 검출한계는 0.18 ${\mu}g/L$이었다.