• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.641-656
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• 2008

This study was done to investigate the effect of Gamichungyeoldodam-tang (GCDT) in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. The results were obtained as follows : GCDT showed safety against cytotoxicity and toxicity in the liver and the kidney. GCDT showed an inhibitory effect on ACE. GCDT significantly decreased the heart rate and the blood pressure in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. GCDT significantly decreased the levels of aldosterone in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. GCDT significantly decreased the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. GCDT significantly decreased the levels of chloride in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats. These results suggest that GCDT might be effective in treatment of hypertension.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 GIS 공간보간법을 이용하여 전라북도 서해안지역의 지하수관정 염소이온 농도를 분석하였다. 특히 해수침투를 평가하기 위해 지하수관정중 검정점을 지정하였으며, 역거리가중치, 스플라인 그리고 크리깅 보간법에 의한 염소이온 농도의 오차특성 분석이 수행되었다. 본 연구의 주요 결론으로서 첫째, 485개 지하수 관정의 염소이온 농도 자료를 이용하여 공간 보간법의 오차특성을 분석한 결과 IDW 방법이 해수침투에 의한 염소이온 농도를 추정하는데 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대상지역의 평균 염소이온 농도를 분석한 결과, 군산시가 $541mg/{\ell}$로서 공업용수 수질기준에도 미달하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 김제시와 고창군은 먹는물 수질기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며 부안군은 $272mg/{\ell}$로서 먹는물 수질기준에 약간 미달하는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 행정구역별 분석에서 군산시는 서해안에 접해 있는 대명동, 중동, 장재동, 금암동의 평균 염소이온 농도가 매우 높게 분석 되었으며, 만경강과 접해 있는 회현면과 대야면도 공업용수 수질기준에도 미달하는 등 전반적으로 해수침투에 의한 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2018

This paper compares the inhibition properties of aspartic and lactic acid salts with nitrite ions and their effect on critical chloride concentration. The tests were carried employing carbon steel specimens in saturated lime solution with varying pH in the range between13 to 13.6. The critical chloride concentration was estimated through multiple specimen potentiostatic tests at potentials in the usual range for passive rebar in the alkaline concrete of atmospheric structures. During tests, chloride salt was added every 48 h until all the specimens showed localized attacks. The cumulative distribution curves, i.e. the number of corroded specimens as a function of the chlorides concentration was obtained. Furthermore, IR spectra were recorded for the evaluation of the presence of the organic inhibitors on the passivity film. The results confirmed the inhibitory effect of 0.1M aspartate comparable with nitrite ions, at a similar concentration. Addition of calcium lactate did not result in an increase in the critical chloride concentration. However, the formation of a massive scale containing the substance that could reduce the corrosion propagation was observed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.725-739
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• 2021

Many consumers are concerned about the high levels of salt intake owing to the accompanied risk of chronic diseases. Due to this dietary concern, the food industry has recommended the reduction of salt content in many products. However, the addition of salt to meat products improves their quality and sensory properties, including saltiness, color, juiciness, and texture. Because quality deteriorations could induce decreased sensory scores owing to salt reductions, the challenges involved in improving the quality of reduced-salt meat products have been addressed. During the development of low-salt meat products, it is important to reduce sodium content and address the problems that arise with this reduction. Modified salt, organic acids, amino acids, nucleotides, hydrocolloids, high-pressure, ultrasound, electric pulsed field, and irradiation have been suggested as strategies to replace or reduce sodium content, and sensory scores could be improved by these strategies. Therefore, when developing a low-salt meat product, several perspectives must be considered and the latest technologies that could resolve this problem should be adopted.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

When the concrete structures were being made with sand containing chloride ion it was knows that corrosion rate of reinforced steel embedded in concrete with chloride ion was higher than that of concrete with on chloride ion. In this study, the operation of Friedel salts affecting the corrosion behavior of reinforced steel embedded in cement mortar was investigated with electrochemical view. Corrosion potential of reinforced steel embedded in cement mortar with sand containing chloride ion was shifted noble direction than that of cement mortar with no chloride ion after immersed 5 month in natural sea water and also corrosion current density decreased with shifting corrosion potential to noble direction. However Friedel salts appeared from surface to 2.5cm of inside direction of mortar specimen, which is located at 11.5$\circ$(2$\theta$) in XRD analysis and the amount of Ca(OH)2 by SEM photograph in cement mortar with chloride ion was larger than that of cement mortar with mo chloride ion. Eventually it is suggested that Friedel salts was resulted from chloride ion and it acted as the corrosion inhibitor.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate freezing-thawing and surface scaling resistance in order to examine the frost durability of concrete in a chloride-inherent environment. The mixing design for this study is as follows: 3 water binder ratios of 0.37, 0.42, and 0.47; 2-ingredient type concrete (50% OPC concrete and 50% ground granulated blast-furnace slag), and 3-ingredient type concrete (50% OPC concrete, 15% fly ash, and 35% ground granulated blast-furnace slag). As found in this study, the decrease of durability was much more noticeable in combined deterioration through both salt damage and frost damage than in a single deterioration through either ofthese; when using blast-furnace slag in freezing-thawing seawater, the frost durability and surface deterioration resistance was evaluated as higher than when using OPC concrete. BF 50% concrete, especially, rather than BFS35%+FA15%, had a notable effect on resistance to chloride penetration and freezing/expansion. It has been confirmed that surface deterioration can be evaluated through a quantitative analysis of scaling, calculated from concrete's underwater weight and surface-dry weight as affected by the freezing-thawing of seawater.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.577-580
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• 2006

This paper presents the experimental results of frost durability characteristics including freezing-thawing and de-icing salt scaling of the concrete used for gutter of the road. Mixtures were proportioned with the three level of water-binder ratio (W/B), 0.58, 0.53, and 0.48, and two binder compositions corresponding to Type I cement without any supplementary cementitious materials (OPC) and Type I cement with 30% blast-furnace slag replacement (Slag30). Also, two different solutions of calcium chloride and water that contains 0 and 8g of anhydrous calcium chloride in each 100 mL of solution, respectively, were used to evaluate their effect on the frost durability resistance. Test results showed that the Slag30 mixture exhibited higher durability factor and lower mass loss values than those made with OPC. Among the mixture tested in this work, the mixtures (OPC and Slag30) made with a relatively higher W/B of 0.58 exhibited large amount of the de-icing salt scaling regardless of calcium chloride concentration. Finally, the use of slag can be used effectively in terms of economy and frost durability of the concrete designated for gutter.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.435-440
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• 1996

The effect of benzalkonium chloride on skin permeability of partially modified antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODN), which are designed as scar formation inhibitor, was investigated using Franz Diffusion Cell. When the concentration ratio of PS-ODN-quarternary ammonium salt complex is more than 1:100, the apparent partition coefficient (APC) of each complex was increased in the following order; tetraphenyl phosphonium chloride (TPP) < cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) < benzalkonium chloride (BZ). The permeability of PS-ODN through the rat skin increased in the presence of BZ. The fluxs of PS-ODN with BZ were increased by addition of Pluronic F 68 or Triton X-100 to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. When the mole ratio of PS-ODN to BZ is 1:10, the fluxs penetrated of PS-ODN with BZ was greatest. The increase of the permeability in the presence of BZ might be due to the formation of lipophilic ion-pair complex between PS-ODN and BZ. By regulation of mole ratio of PS-ODN to BZ, the development of topical dosage forms using PS-ODN as scar formation inhibitor will be possible with minimal systemic exposure.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.782-785
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• 2004

Salt attack is one of the serious deterioration factor with respect to the durability of concrete structure. Especially, in case of exposed rebar concrete structure in marine environment, corrosion of rebar is accelerated by penetration of $Cl^-$ from exterior. Through this path, volume of corroded rebar is increased about two and half times due to increased inner pressure originated from rust. As a consequence, the overall deterioration of concrete structure, namely, cracks, reduction of adhesive strength and pop-out is followed. In this paper, the effect of structure treatment of concrete on chloride resistance has been investigated. At the same time, the relationship among several characteristics, such as resistance to chloride, water absorption coefficient and surface hardness of concrete has been investigated. It is believed that surface performance improvement by the application of penetrative hardening agent influences on positively water absorption coefficient, surface hardness of concrete and resistance to chloride ion penetration.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2013

Enantioselective macromer of trimesic acid was prepared using S(-) menthol with trimesoyl chloride on polyimide (PI) ultrafiltration membrane. The chemical composition of macromer as well as polyimide ultrafiltration membrane was determined by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. The optical resolution of chiral alcohols was performed in pressure driven process. The effect of monomer solutions concentration, effect of air-drying time of S(-) menthol solution, effect of reaction time, effect of operating pressure, effect of feed concentration of racemate on the performance of macromer was studied. The synthesised material exhibits separation of chiral alcohols (menthol ~23% and sobrelol ~21%).