• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticides is exposed in an aquatic environment and effected to benthic animals. Especially, sediment-associated pesticides is required for determination of sediment toxicity on aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of six pesticides (chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil, pendimethalin) on Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil and pendimethalin were used as a model compounds, which have a sediment-associated potential ($K_{oc}$>3). Acute and chronic toxicity tests on Chironomus riparius were performed at six concentrations of each pesticide with four replicates of each based on OECD test guideline 235 and 218. The calculated 48-h $EC_{50}$ values of chlorfluazuron, flutianil, pendimethalin, difenoconazole, dithianon and flufenoxuron were 6.72, 2.55, 2.27, 0.77, 0.30 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. Flufenoxuron was the lowest 48-h $EC_{50}$ value in this study. The No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of flufenoxuron for Chironomus riparius in 28-days test were 30 and $60{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pesticides of the sediment-associated have the potential effect for Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, sediment toxicity assessment of these pesticides should be further investigated to evaluate the impact to benthic organisms.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2001

Effects of exposure to a neurotoxicant, fenitrothion on antioxidant enzyme activities in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Exposure to this chemical led to an increase of cupper, zinc type superoxide dismutase and manganese type superoxide dismutase activities and to a decrease of glutathion peroxidase activity. An activation of catalase was observed in the larvae exposed to high fenitrothion concentration. The response of superoxide dismutase was rapid and sensitive to low chemical concentrations, but changes in catalase, total peroxidase and glutathion peroxidase were less sensitive. In this study, antioxidant enzyme activities in Chironomus riparius larvae were identified as pertinent biomarkers for environmental monitoring.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1999

세계적으로 환경생태독성의 주요지표종으로 저니토독성시험에 주로 이용되는 깔따구(Chironomus riparius)를 이용하여 물만으로한 시험계와 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계 사이의 $^{14}C$-lambda-cyhalothrin의 생물학적인 독성과 농약잔류양상의 차이를 비교하였다. 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계에서는 물중 lambda-cyhalothrin 잔류량이 약제처리후 5일에서 처음 처리 농도의 99%이상이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나 물만을 처리한 시험계에서는 처음농도의 약 35%가 감소하였다. Lambda-cyhalothrin의 Chironomus riparius에 대한 독성시험에서 물만 있는 용기에서와 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계에서의 72시간 $LC_{50}$이 각각 $0.156{\mu}g/{\ell}$이하와 889 ${\mu}g/kg$으로 물과 토양이 공존하는 용기에서의 독성이 약 5,000배 이상 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 토양과 물 사이의 흡착분배계수의 차이에 의해 물 중 lambda-cyhalothrin의 잔류량이 감소하고 이에 따라 시험생물에 대한 독성도 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2009

Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Information regarding molecular responses to metal exposure is sorely needed in order to identify potential biomarkers. To determine the effects of heavy metals on chironomids, the full-length cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) from Chironomus riparius was determined through molecular cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The expression of ADH3 was analyzed under various cadmium and copper concentrations. A comparative and phylogenetic study among different orders of insects and vertebrates was carried out through analysis of sequence databases. The complete cDNA sequence of the ADH3 gene was 1134 bp in length. The sequence of C. riparius ADH3 shows a low degree of amino acid identity (around 70%) with homologous sequences in other insects. After exposure of C. riparius to various concentrations of copper, ADH3 gene expression significantly decreased within 1 hour. The ADH3 gene expression was also suppressed in C. riparius after cadmium exposure for 24 hour. However, the effect of cadmium on ADH3 gene expression was transient in C. riparius. The results show that the suppression of ADH3 gene by copper exposure could be used as a possible biomarker in aquatic environmental monitoring and imply differential toxicity to copper and cadmium in C. riparius larvae.

• 한국응용곤충학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용곤충학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.95-95
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• 2005

• 환경생물
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2004

The effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius were tested in the laboratory. Employing a waterreplacement exposure setup, chironomids were subjected to various concentrations. In the most treatments mortality reached a statistically significant difference from the control conditions. As DEHP concentrations were increased, the rates of emerged adults decreased. Sex ratio was unaffected with little deviation from a 1:1 relationship (except in 1 and $30\mu{g}\;L^{-1})$. The developmental stages was delayed at low concentration (0.3 and $1\mu{g}\;L^{-1})$. Generally the emergent period was different between males and females, and the first emergent day of males was faster than females. The body shape of female adults was larger than males. Differences between males and females were found in body volume, body length and body width. In addition, the body volume showed the significant difference between controls and treatments, and those especially well observed females.

• 환경생물
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2005

Development of the fourth-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius has a sensitive to ecdysteroid hormones. The 2D/E gel analysis for polypeptide expression reflecting early-ecdysterone inducible gene has conducted the emerged female from larval phase exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). In the 2D/E gel 1108 protein spots were identified. The visualized protein spots allowed extraction of 17 protein spots differed more than 3 fold in BPA treated animals, which was approximately $1.6\%$ of the total protein spots. However, polypeptide expression reflecting early-ecdysterone inducible gene didn't change after treatments. In addition, detection for the damages or changes in mitogenome level was observed. The conserved cytochrome oxidase I in DNA level affected exposure to BPA $(1{\mu}gL^{-1})$ in this preliminary study.

• 생태와환경
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2017

기후변화로 잦아진 강우에 의해 염분 환경에 유입되는 담수생물의 영향을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 담수의 오염지표생물인 깔따구과의 실내 실험종인 C. riparius를 대상으로 염분 노출에 따른 스트레스 반응으로 생존율과 탈피율, 성장기간, 하순기절 기형을 분석하였고, 분자생물학적으로 스트레스 분자마커로 연구가 이루어진 HSP70 유전자 발현을 측정하였다. C. riparius의 생존율은 노출시간에 따라 감소하였으며 15 psu에서 4일이 경과하면 생존개체가 관찰되지 않았다. C. riparius의 pupation과 emergence는 15 psu 이상에서는 보이지 않았고 탈피의 성공은 10 psu에서 20% 이하였다. 또한 C. riparius의 성장지연은 pupation과 emergence 기간에서 잘 반영되어, 대조군과 5 psu에 비해 10 psu에서 4일이 늦어졌다. 염분 노출 96시간 후 관찰한 C. riparius 하순기절 형태 이상은 10 psu와 15 psu에서 소수 관찰되었다. C. riparius HSP70 유전자 발현은 대조군에 비해 5, 10 psu에서 약 2.5~4배 이상 발현량이 크게 증가하였다. 따라서 염분은 담수생물에게 매우 큰 스트레스를 제공하는 원인물질로 유해물질과 유사한 생태독성학적인 반응과 분자지표 반응을 보여주었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제26권
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• pp.10.1-10.7
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• 2011

Objects: Chironomus riparius, a non-biting midge (Chironomidae, Diptera), is extensively used as a model organism in aquatic ecotoxicological studies, and considering the potential of C. riparius larvae as a bio-monitoring species, little is known about its genome sequences. This study reports the results of an Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) sequencing project conducted on C. riparius larvae using 454 pyrosequencing. Method: To gain a better understanding of C. riparius transcriptome, we generated ESTs database of C.ripairus using pyrosequencing method. Results: Sequencing runs, using normalized cDNA collections from fourth instar larvae, yielded 20,020 expressed sequence tags, which were assembled into 8,565 contigs and 11,455 singletons. Sequence analysis was performed by BlastX search against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide (nr) and uniprot protein database. Based on the gene ontology classifications, 24% (E-value${\leq}1^{-5}$) of the sequences had known gene functions, 24% had unknown functions and 52% of sequences did not match any known sequences in the existing database. Sequence comparison revealed 81% of the genes have homologous genes among other insects belonging to the order Diptera providing tools for comparative genome analyses. Targeted searches using these annotations identified genes associated with essential metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, detoxification of toxic metabolites and stress response genes of ecotoxicological interest. Conclusions: The results obtained from this study would eventually make ecotoxicogenomics possible in a truly environmentally relevant species, such as, C. riparius.

• 환경생물
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

한국산 요시마쯔깔따구(Chironomus yoshimatsui)의 세 가지 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 수은)에 대한 급성독성 및 행동 독성을 외국 표준 실험 종인 리파리깔따구(C. riparius)와 비교하였다 48시간 및 96시간 동안 수중 노출(water-only exposure)을 시킨 후 두 가지 실험종의 반수치사농도($LC_50$)및 깔따구의 유영 능력 감소에 영향을 주는 농도($EC_{50}$)를 바탕으로 두 실험 종간의 차이를 살펴보았다. 카드뮴과 납에 대하여는 요시마쯔깔따구가 리파리깔따구에 비해 둔감한 반응을 보였으며, 수은에 대하여는 요시마쯔깔따구가 더 민감한 반응을 나타냈다. 모든 실험에서 $LC_50$값과 $EC_{50}$값의 비율이 1보다 높게 나와 사망률보다는 유영 능력을 기준으로 실시한 급성독성 평가가 더욱 민감한 결과를 얻었다. 노출 기간에 따른 급성독성 차이를 살펴본 결과 노출 기간이 길수록 급성독성 및 행동독성도 높게 나타났다.