• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3841-3850
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• 2012

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and perceptions of Malaysian tradition healers towards cancer and cancer prevention. Methodology: A total of 25 participants agreed to participate in this qualitative study during the period from $20^{th}$ July 2011 until $24^{th}$ of September 2011. The proposal of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Management and Science University (MSU). Once the participant agreed to be interviewed, date, time and place of the interviews were determined. Consent form was obtained from participants before the interview began. Participants were briefed about the study and its purpose, and after asking their permissions, their replies were recorded. The data was organized into themes and analyzed manually. Results: Twenty-five Malaysian traditional healers participated in this qualitative study. The age of participants ranged between 26 to 78 years old. The majority were in the age group of 31-60 years old, male, Chinese, degree holders with a monthly income ranging from 1,000-5,000 Ringgit Malaysia (RM) and were married (56%, 80%, 48%, 52%, 68%, 84% respectively). The majority defined cancer as having high cholesterol or abscess accumulation. A few of them defined cancer as a type of cell growth. The majority mentioned that food and unhealthy lifestyles are the primary causes of cancer. Surprisingly some of them mentioned that cancer is caused by interference by ghosts. Regarding the diagnosis of cancer, the majority mentioned that they refer their patients to modern physicians' medical report when it comes to diagnosing or treating patients with cancer. The most common cancers that many patients came to seek treatment were breast cancers, followed by colon cancers, liver and lung cancers. Conclusions: Despite good knowledgeabout the causes of cancer among traditional healers, misconceptions still exist. Insufficient knowledge about the definition of cancer was noted among the traditional healers. This urges immediate action by the Ministry of Health of Malaysia to set up a strict regulation and regular monitoring of the traditional healers nationally. Traditional and Complementary Medicine may be integrated into the healthcare system and need to have sustained cooperation for the benefit of patients since about 80% of patients use traditional medicines.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.486-493
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The honeysuckle berry (HB) contains ascorbic acid and phenolic components, especially anthocyanins, flavonoids, and low-molecular-weight phenolic acids. In order to examine the potential of HB as a hepatoprotective medicinal food, we evaluated the in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Korean HB (HBK) and Chinese HB (HBC). MATERIALS/METHODS: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were examined in HepG2 and RAW 264.7 cells, respectively. The anti-oxidant capacity was determined by DPPH, SOD, CAT, and ARE luciferase activities. The production of nitric oxide (NO) as an inflammatory marker was also evaluated. The Nrf2-mediated mRNA levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (Nqo1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) were measured. The concentrations of HB extracts used were 3, 10, 30, 100, and $300{\mu}g/mL$. RESULTS: The radical scavenging activity of all HB extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). SOD (P < 0.05) and CAT (P < 0.01) activities were increased by treatment with $300{\mu}g/mL$ of each HB extract, when compared to those in the control. NO production was observed in cells pretreated with 100 or $300{\mu}g/mL$ of HBC and HBK (P < 0.01). Treatment with $300{\mu}g/mL$ of HBC significantly increased Nqo1 (P < 0.01) and Gclc (P < 0.05) mRNA levels compared to those in the control. Treatment with $300{\mu}g/mL$ of HBK (P < 0.05) and HBC (P < 0.01) also significantly increased the HO-1 mRNA level compared to that in the control. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the Korean and Chinese HBs were found to possess favorable in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Nrf2 and its related anti-oxidant genes were associated with both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in HB-treated cells. Further studies are needed to confirm these in vivo effects.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.252-305
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• 1992

The Korean Medicine in the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty, with its clear independence, has made an excellent display of originality and superiority in the world medicine. By pinpointing its merits, classifying its lineal descent, and examining its relation with present Korean Medicine we can draw the following conclusions. First, the study on the history of Korean Medicine should, in terms of time, grasp the generational stream and, in terms of space, examine the relation with medicines of neighbouring countries, with both an inner and outer way of observing. Secondly, it is but a manifestation of the colonial view of history to classify the 460 years from Tae-jo(太祖) to Cheol-jong(哲宗) as Mordern Period of Korean Medicine. Therefore, the 250-year period between the mid-16th century of Myung-jong(明宗) to the late-18th century of later Jeong-jo(正祖), which saw a pivotal development of the national medicine as a practical medicine based on experiences, should be established as the period of Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun dynasty. It is required from both nationalistic view of history and history as a positive science. Thirdly, Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun period was developed with an emphasis on an independent development and creative succession of the national medicine, which was succeeded to the late-Chosun period. Fourthly, medical thought in the mid-Chosun period was much influenced by, and based on the practicality of, Shil-hak(or practical science : 實學) as was the current of the times. Fifthly, though medicine in the mid-Chosun period was generally developed, the recipes for the measles, epidemic and smallpox were especially developed owing to rage of epidemics, and the development of the acupunture as a military medicine was the most c lear because of the two major wars against the Japanese and Chinese, respectively in 1592 and 1636. Sixthly, Whang doh-yeon(黃道淵)'s Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編), Lee je-mah(李濟馬)'s Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) and Lee kyu-jun(李奎晙)'s Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨) are representative medical books, in the late-Chosun period, which creatively succeeded national medicine. Seventhly, the lineage of national medicine flows from Hyangyak-jipseongbang(鄕樂集成方) Uibangryuchui(醫方類聚) Gugeupbang(救急方) to Uirimchualyo(醫林撮要) Tonguibogam(東醫寶鑑) Uimunbogam(醫門寶鑑) Jejung-sinpyeon(濟衆新編) and to Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編) Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨). These books are representative medical books in the early middle and late Chosun period respectively. On the basis of the above facts, it is clear that the orthodoxy of national medicine is in the direction of a creative succession and that is the best way to keep the spirit of Korean medicine today.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.321-349
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• 1998

Since 1990 the effort for unification has been active in each department of our society. But the study for health policy in Unified Korea has been scarce. Unified Korea should be a democracy and a constitutional state. So we should have lively discussion on the health law as well as unified general laws. The purpose of this study is to compare the health law of South Korea and North Korea and to understand the differences in them. We guess both Korea are considerably different each other. But this study found out that there are many health related laws that have same goals and contents. The reason for this is that both health laws have its root in Korea Law. And the right to health is the social basic right. whose characteristic can not be compatible with market economy and demands state intervention for securing the right to health. The health related laws are divided into 4 fileds. 1. There is a field A which is affected by unified political and economic system and differs little from the law system: the license system of medical personnel. 2. There is a field B which is seldom affected by unified political and economic system and differs little from the law system: the right and duty of medical personnel. quarantine law. 3. There is a field C which is affected by unified political and economic system and differs greatly from the law system: health institution law(exclusive of quarantine law), the laws of medical personnel category, of research center(especially per-mission, registration and establishment). of the role of basic health in private and public area. 4. There is a field D which is seldom affected by unified political and economic system and differs greatly from the law system: health equipment law(the laws of drugs, of cosmetics and of medical instrument. of blood management). the laws of health knowledge. of cooperation in chinese medicine and western medicine. the health promotion law. the rules of first-aid. the law of separation of dispensary from medical practice. The laws which are seldom affected by political and economic system can be consolidated. which in turn can be revised and enacted before unification of Korea through the interchange between North Korea and South Korea and the support to North Korea health system.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.207-217
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• 1997

The oriental medicine based on the traditional Chinese medicine has developed characteristically according to the history and racial character respectively; China, Korea and Japan. Japan, among these nations, has accepted western medicine earlier than other nations and has tried to compare western and oriental medicine and combine them. In Japanese traditional medicine, it is characteristic that the old medical classics focusing on Sanghannon (傷寒論) and Geumgyeyoryak(金?要略) has developed The recent tendencies of clinical medicine and researches in Korean oriental medicine are mostly about the study of oriental medicine in view of western medicine and the combination of western and oriental medical treatment like Japan. But the study on the Japanese oriental medicine hasn't so far been tried before in Korea. From now on, we should not overlook that a more interest on Japanese oriental medicine will be very useful. Therefore we have surveyed the background of its origin and the process of development of the theory of ${\ulcorner}$Qi, Blood and Body Fluids${\lrcorner}$. What we wish to show in this paper is to provide a source for the basic understanding by explaining a fundamental theory of physiology and pathology of Japanese oriental medicine. Concepts of ${\ulcorner}$Qi, Blood and Body Fluids${\lrcorner}$ suggested by Nangai Yoshimashi in 1792 is the way of thinking that the circulation of 3 factors- ${\ulcorner}$Qi, Blood and Body Fluids${\lrcorner}$ nourish human body. Among these 3 factors, if Qi does not function smoothly, it causes the condition of a disease like Qi-deficiency, imbalance of Qi-distribution or Qi-depression and stasis; in Blood's case, deficiency of Blood and Blood stasis; and as for Body Fluids, stasis of Body Fluids. In the recent trend of study, there's a try to combining the western and oriental medicine, Qi is considered as psychoneurotic system, Blood as circulatory and endocrinologic system and Body Fluids as immunologic system.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.765-772
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this research was to aid creating an effective sizing system for the vacation wear intended for Jeju's medical tourists, specifically females from the major countries including the USA, Japan, and Korea. Background: Medical tourism makes the gains of every year 40,000,000,000 dollar, every year 30% it is increasing. Thus the Jeju-do is propelling medical tourism. The body size each country is different. Consequently must set the body size standard for the women. Method: (1) It observed the body size of the Korean women of 2004 years and 2010 years. (2) It analyzed the body size of the women of the USA, China, Japan and Korea. (3) It set the sizing system of the women of the USA(ASTM), China (GB), Japan(JIS) and Korea(KS). Results: Korean adult females' height in 2010 has increased from 2004. The Waist Back Length, Waist Front Length, Arm Length etc has also increased along with the Height. The upper body has become slimmer at the same time; the Chest Circumference, Bust Circumference, and Underbust Circumference have decreased. The lower body on the other hand has become bigger: the Waist Circumference and Hip Circumference have increased. The BMI has decreased by 0.4 from 2004 - the Height has increased while Weight has decreased. The Chest Circumference and Under Bust Circumference of Korean women across all age groups have increased at a proportional rate to other parts of body; however, the rate of increase in Chest Circumference was far greater. American females(Caucasians) had the greatest ratio of waist to bust (Waist Circumference/Chest Circumference), smallest ratio of Neck Base Circumference to Bust Circumference (neck/bust). Korean females had smallest ratio of Waist Circumference to Underbust Circumference(waist/bust). As for the drop of Chest Circumference and Waist Circumference, American females had the highest and Koreans had the lowest. As for the drop of Hip Circumference and Chest Circumference, Japanese had the highest and Americans had the lowest, but Japanese women at the same time showed the A line body shapes. As for difference of Chest Circumference and Underbust Circumference, American females had the biggest(13.73) followed by Korean(11.1), Japanese(10.9) and Chinese(10.5). Conclusion: The women of the USA, China, Japan and Korea body size is different. Especially the value of the Bust Circumference - the Underbust Circumference is different. Thus, it set the sizing system(Table 8).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2005

본 논문은 지금까지의 침 치료와 중풍재활에 관해 쓰인 논문들을 살펴보고 그들의 연구방법, 실험과정, 결과들을 분석 평가하여 침 치료가 중풍 재활 치료에 유의함을 가지는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 pubmed와 science direct, EBSCO를 검색하고 경희의료원 의학도서관에 소장된 비전산화 저널 자료에 대한 수기 조사를 병행하여 논문 원문 16편을 얻을 수 있었으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 검색을 통해 원문을 얻은 논문은 모두 16편이었으며, 그중 9편의 논문이 RCT논문이었다. 2. 중풍 재활치료로써 침 치료가 환자의 전반적 운동기능향상 및 일상생활과 생활의 질의 향상에 유의한 효과를 보인다고 보고한 논문이 3편이었으며, 다른 세 논문은 침 치료가 유의한 효과를 보이지 않는다고 보고하였다. 3. 중풍 후 증상인 spasticity에 대한 두 논문 중 상지의 spasticity에 관련한 논문은 침 치료가 유의하다고 보고하였으며, 하지의 spasticity에 관련한 논문은 이와 반대로 유의하지 않다고 보고하였다. 4. 침 치료와 자세조절에 관한 논문 1편은 침 치료가 중풍 후 자세 조절의 정상화를 촉진시키는데 유의하다고 보고하였다. 5. 9편의 논문 중 침 치료가 유의한 효과를 보고한 논문의 Jadad score는 2점, 2점, 1점, 1점, 1점으로 낮게 나타났으며 유의한 효과를 보이지 않는다고 보고한 논문의 Jadad score는 5 점, 5점, 3점, 1점으로 높게 나타났다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2014

Objective : To study current status on characteristics of allergic rhinitis patients by using the electronic medical record (EMR) data and to explore the feasibility of clinical studies using the EMR data in three different Korean medical hospitals. Methods : We studied allergic rhinitis patients who visited the department of ophthalmology, otolaryngology and dermatology in the three different Korean hospitals from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. We retrospectively collected medical history and characteristics of study subjects using data of EMR. Results : In hospital A, we were able to collect data of 18 years of age or older. In hospital C, we could only collect data after July 1, 2012. Therefore, each hospital's data had different settings in measuring them. Men and women were accounted for similar percentage, and teens were the highest in the age group. J30.4, unspecified allergic rhinitis, was the highest in diagnosis of the allergic rhinitis. Most of the patients have received acupuncture treatments. Moreover, 74.6 percent of the total patients were prescribed with Chinese medicine. Conclusions : Based on this exploratory study, further studies were needed on clinical studies using data of systematic EMR.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2015

Objectives : A quantitative analysis on the vocabulary in the English translation version of Donguibogam. Methods : This study quantitatively analyzed the English-translated texts of Donguibogam with the Corpus-based analysis, and compared the quantitative results analyzing the texts of original Donguibogam. Results : As the results from conducting the corpus analysis on the English-translation version of Donguibogam, it was found that the number of total words (Token) was about 1,207,376, and the all types of used words were about 20.495 and the TTR (Type/Token Rate) was 1.69. The accumulation rate reaching to the high-ranking 1000 words was 83.54%, and the accumulation rate reaching to the high-ranking 2000 words was 90.82%. As the words having the high-ranking frequency, the function words like 'the, and of, is' mainly appeared, and for the content words, the words like 'randix, qi, rhizoma and water' were appeared in multi frequencies. As the results from comparing them with the corpus analysis results of original version of Donguibogam, it was found that the TTR was higher in the English translation version than that of original version. The compositions of function words and contents words having high-ranking frequencies were similar between the English translation version and the original version of Donguibogam. The both versions were also similar in that their statements in the parts of 'Remedies' and 'Acupuncture' showed higher composition rate of contents words than the rate of function words. Conclusions : The vocabulary in the English translation version of Donguibogam showed that this book was a book keeping the complete form of sentence and an Korean medical book at the same time. Meanwhile, the English translation version of Donguibogam had some problems like the unification of vocabulary due to several translators, and the incomplete delivery of word's meanings from the Chinese character-culture area to the English-culture area, and these problems are considered as the matters to be considered in a work translating Korean old medical books in English.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.137-187
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• 2005

This thesis study of the medical concept Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is discussed in the Lei Jing Fu Yi (類經附翼), a book authored by Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) a medical doctor during the Chinese Ming (明) dynasty (1368-1683). The meaning of Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is "searching for the rightness." In his book Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) intended to clarify Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) by delineating the concept into four categories. These are: Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門 辨) the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life ; Da Bao Lun (大寶論) the theory of the great treasure of the human body; Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) the theory of true-yin fluid; and Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the part of the pulse and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera. Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門辨), the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life. The triple warmer (三焦: Sanjiao) is composed of three parts: the upper, middle, and lower. This concept is also connected with the functions and roles of the vital organs. The upper burner is related to the heart and lungs. The middle burner is related to the liver and spleen. Whereas, the lower burner is related to the kidneys. Bao-Luo (包絡) is the Pericardium, the envelope of the heart, serving as the protector of the heart. Ming-Men (命門) is the Gate of Life, reffering to the vitals of life. It functions as kidney-yang which is considered as the origin of yang-energy of the human body, and serves partly as the function of cortico-adrenal gland in modern medicine. Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) discussed the Da Bao Lun (大寶論) as the most important function in the human body because the Da Bao (大寶/great treasure) is the true-yang (眞陽) which is the affective force for physiological functions, and as the source of energy for life activities. Moreover, true-yang (眞陽) functions both as a heater and thermometer that warms the human body and indicates vitality by levels of body warmth respectively. The Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) theory states that if true-yang (眞陽) is energy, then true-yin (眞陰) is the source of energy. This can be likened to a tree with roots which absorbs nutrients from the ground (source), and spreads the nutrients (energy) through its branches. Thus, true-yin (眞陰) is the root cause for later functional activities of true-yang (眞陽). In Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the pulse (脈 /Mai) and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) insisted that when a diagnoses by the pulse is made the five vital organs and the six viscera (五臟六腑) of a human body should be harmoniously arranged in accordance with its respective part of the pulse. Furthermore, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) supported his theory with evidence from earlier Chinese medical doctors. And, by stating that human beings must cultivate and preserve their true-yin (眞陰) and true-yang (眞陽) energies he therefore created four new prescriptions called: Zuoguiyin (左歸飮), Youguiyin (右歸飮), Zuoguiwan (左 歸丸), Youguiwan (右歸丸). To further clarify his theory Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) considered that the function of true-yang (眞陽) and true-yin (眞陰) is expressed by Ming-Men (命門). This theory is that for humans to be spiritually and physically healthy they must live in accord with natural law. Also, within the framework of natural law, astronomical and geographical factors must be considered for complete, holistic, health. Thus, Ming-Men is the basis for healthy living in the modern world.