• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.347-359
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• 1996

A study was carried out on the distribution of chlorophyll a and water quality in the dry season in Yosuhae bay and adjoining sea, Southern Korea, in July of 1994. Concentration of salinity and phosphate were lower in the outer bay than in the inner bay. While nitrate and silicate were higher in the former than in the latter. We were identified with coastal waters of origin from China with the lower salinity in outer bay. The China coastal water was characteristic of high nutrients and phytoplankton biomass, such as chlorophyll a. The principal component analysis-(PCA) on the analytical data proved that high density of phytoplankton biomass , occurred under the condition of low salinity and high concentration of nissoived Inorganic nutrients. It is thought that the thermoharine structure and biological produtions of Yosuhae bay were controlled by the China coastal water in the outer bay.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.211-211
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• 2022

The marketization reform from the open-door policy in 1978 was not only booming export-oriented industries with foreign investment but also expanding the role of private actors in the Chinese water sector. Private Sector Participation (PSP) has become an important element in developing urban infrastructure by providing better services with advanced facilities. The rapid development of PSP-driven urban water infrastructure in China has a positive impacted on Chinese economic development, particularly in coastal areas. PPPs in some coastal areas have successfully spread out over China since China applied the first Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) mode in the water sector in the early 1990s. The market-oriented water and wastewater, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanism in the initial period of China has been transformed into a state-dominated PPP mechanism. The development pattern of the water and wastewater PPPs in China has been divided in four stages: the first period from 1984 to 2002, the second period from 2003 to 2008, the third period from 2009 to 2014, and the last period after 2015. The study aims to investigate the successful process of water and wastewater PPPs in local areas through five socioeconomic elements: export-oriented economic strategy, urbanization, cheap land policy, infrastructure investment, and water issues and climate change. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the extent to which the Chinese government re-asserted its control over the PPP mechanism by classifying five elements in three different development Phases from early 2000 to 2020. The Jiangsu Province in the estern coastal area has actively invited PPP projects in the water and wastewater sectors. The successful introduction and rapid growth of PPPs in the urban water infrastructure has made the province an attractive area for a foreign investor.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.235-247
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• 2009

나로도를 중심으로 한 한국 남해안에서 발생하는 C. polykrikoides 적조의 원인 규명을 위해 1995년부터 2008년까지 국립수산과학원이 조사한 정선해양관측 및 위성정보 자료에 기초하여 동계 및 하계에 있어서의 수온염분 분포의 특징을 조사하였다. C. polykrikoides 적조는 나로도 주변 해역에서의 평균 수온이 약 $25.0{\sim}26.0^{\circ}C$, 염분이 약 31.00 psu 전후일 때 가장 많이 발생하였다. 한국남해 연안수와 외해수 사이에는 동계 및 하계에 각각 서로 다른 열염전선이 관측되었다. 즉, 동계에는 저온저염의 한국남해 연안수, 쓰시마 난류계의 중간수, 고온고염의 쓰시마 난류, 저온저염의 중국대륙 연안수 사이에 네 개의 전선이 관측되었다. 반면, 하계에는 저온고염의 한국남해 연안수, 고온저염의 쓰시마 난류, 고온고염의 중국대륙 연안수 사이에 두 개의 전선이 관측되었다. 이러한 열염전선은 서로 물리적 성질이 다른 수괴에 의해 형성된다는 사실이 T-S diagram을 통해서도 확인되었다. 이상으로부터, 나로도 주변해역에서 하계에 발생하는 C. polykrikoides 적조는 한국남해 연안수와 쓰시마 난류 사이에 형성되는 열염전선과 밀접한 연관을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2000

A seasonal circulation in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea and its possible cause have been studied with CSK data during 1965-1989. Water mass distributions are clear in winter, but not in summer because the upper layer waters are quite influenced by atmosphere. To solve the problem, a water mass analysis by mixing ratio is used for the lower layer waters. The results show that the distribution of Tsushima Warm Current Water expands to the Yellow Sea in winter and retreats to the East China Sea in summer. It means that there is a very slow seasonal circulation between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea: Tsushima Warm Current Water flows into the Yellow Sea in winter and coastal water flows out of the Yellow Sea in summer. By the circulation, the front between Tsushima Warm Current Water and coastal water moves toward the shelf break in summer so that the flow is faster in the deeper region. The process eventually makes the transport in the Korea Strait increase. The Kuroshio does not seem to influence the process. A possible mechanism of the process is the seasonal change of sea surface slope due to different local effects of surface heating and diluting between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.389-401
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• 2024

In recent decades, numerous instances of blockages have been reported in coastal nuclear power plants globally, leading to serious safety accidents such as power reduction, manual or automatic power loss, or shutdown of nuclear power units. Loss or shortage of cooling water may compromise the reliability of the cooling water system, thus threatening the operational safety of power plants and resulting in revenue reduction. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current state of cooling water system safety in coastal nuclear power plants worldwide and the common challenges they face, as well as the relevant research on cooling water system safety issues. The research overview and progress in investigation methods, outbreak mechanisms, prevention and control measures, and practical cases of blockages were summarized. Despite existing research, there are still many shortcomings regarding the pertinence, comprehensiveness and prospects of related research, and many problems urgently need to be solved. The most fundamental concern involves understanding the list of potential risks of blockages and their spatially distributed effects in surrounding waters. Furthermore, knowledge of the biological cycles and ecological habits of key organisms is essential for implementing risk prevention and control and for building a scientific and effective monitoring system.

• Strategy21
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• 통권31호
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• pp.142-163
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• 2013

Ieodo is a submerged rock within a Korea's Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) in the East China Sea with its most shallow part about 4.6m below the sea level which has no specific rights for the EEZ delimitation. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates that any coastal state has the rights to claim an EEZ that stretches up to 200 nautical miles from its shore, except where there is an overlap with a neighboring country's claims. Korea claims that Ieodo is within its EEZ as it sits on the Korean side of the equidistant line and the reef is located on the Korea section of the continental shelf. China does not recognize Korea's application of the equidistance principle and insists that Ieodo lies on its continental shelf. According to UNCLOS, Ieodo is located in international waters, rather than one country's EEZ as the two countries have failed to reach a final agreement over the delimitation of the maritime border. This study seeks to understand the evolution of the People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) strategy as main obstacles for the EEZ delimitation between Korea and China. PLAN's Strategy evolves from "coastal defense" to "offshore defence", since the late 1980s from a "coastal defence" strategy to an "offshore defence" strategy which would extend the perimeter of defence to between 200 nm and 400 nm from the coast. China's economic power has increased It's dependence on open trade routes for energy supplies and for its own imports and exports. China want secure Sea Lane. PLAN's "offshore defence" strategy combines the concept of active defence with the deployment of its military forces beyond its borders. China's navy try to forward base its units and to achieve an ocean going capability. China's navy expects to have a 'Blue Water' capability by 2050. China insists that coastal states do have a right under UNCLOS to regulate the activities of foreign military forces in their EEZs. China protests several times against US military forces operating within It's EEZ. The U.S. position is that EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea, as reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. has a national interest in the preservation of freedom of navigation as recognized in customary international law of the sea and reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. insists that coastal states under UNCLOS do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs. To be consistent with its demand that the U.S. cease performing military operations in china's EEZ, China would not be able to undertake any military operations in the waters of South Korea's EEZ. As such, to preserve its own security interests, China prefers a status quo policy and used strategic ambiguity on the Ieodo issue. PLAN's strategy of coastal defence has been transformed into offensive defence, Korea's EEZ can be a serious limitation to PLAN's operational plan of activities. Considering China'a view of EEZs, China do not want make EEZ delimitation agreement between Korea and China. China argues that the overlapping areas between EEZs should be handled through negotiations and neither side can take unilateral actions before an agreement is reached. China would prefer Ieodo sea zone as a international waters, rather than one country's EEZ.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2008

2003년 8월과 2004년 9월 제주도 남서부해역과 중국 연안해역을 대상으로 실시된 본 연구는 용존무기영양염류와 용존 및 입자유기탄소의 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 하계에 동중국해의 영양염의 분포 형태는 수괴 및 식물플랑크톤의 영향을 받은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 하계에 동중국해내 수괴들은 중국의 연안해역을 제외하고 상하수직혼합이 잘 일어나지 않아 표층수에는 영양염의 유입이 감소하고, 저층수에는 표층에서 유입되는 유기물이 분해되어 영양염의 축적이 일어나 높은 농도를 나타내고 있었다. Chlorophyll a의 농도가 높은 해역에서 영양염의 농도가 낮은 값을 보였으며, Chlorophyll a의 농도가 감소하는 수심이하에서 영양염의 농도가 증가함을 보여 높은 생물활동에 의한 무기영양염류 등이 조절되고 있는 것으로 생각된다. 연구해역내 용존유기탄소의 분포는 염분이나 수온에 대해 다소 산만한 분포를 보여 수괴에 따른 상관관계가 없는 것으로 조사되었고, 양자강 영향 정점에서 $100{\mu}M$이상의 높은 값을 보인 반면, 제주도 남서부 해역에서는 낮은 농도를 보였는데, 이것은 양자강 유출수가 동중국해 용존유기탄소의 공급원으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 연구해역 입자유기탄소의 분포특성은 양자강 유출수가 영향을 미치는 중국연안해역에서 평균 $9.23{\mu}M$로 가장 높은 농도를 보였으며, 대마난류수의 영향을 받는 제주도 남동부해역에서 $3.04{\mu}M$로 낮은 농도를 보였으며, 중앙부해역에서 $7.23{\mu}M$의 입자유기탄소량을 나타내, 양자강 유출수가 자생적 기원이외의 입자유기탄소 공급원으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 제주도 남서부해역에서의 입자유기탄소는 Chlorophyll a의 농도와 높은 상관성을 보여 자생적 기원으로 볼 수 있지만 그 해역에서의 염분도가 저염(30%o 이하)을 나타내고 있어 자생적 기원보다는 육상기원에 의한 영향으로 생각되어진다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.306-316
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• 2003

We conducted a time-series analysis of temperature and salinity of sea water around Jeju Island, Korea. Monthly mean temperature and salinity was influenced by precipitation and weather conditions on Jeju as well as by oceanographic conditions of the open sea such as the Tsushima Warm Current and sea water in coastal areas. Salinity of Jeju coastal waters was the highest in April, and it was always over 34.00 psu with tiny fluctuation between December and June. Due to the effects of the Tsushima Warm Current, Jeju coastal waters maintained high salinity and stability. Low salinity and its large fluctuations during summer were closely associated with the China Coastal Water and precipitation in Jeju. The place of the lowest water temperature was the northeast coasts of Jeju (Gimneong, Hado, Jongdalri). In winter, as warmer water of the Tsushima Warm Current appeared in western area of Jeju dwindled flowing along the northern coasts of Jeju area and becoming cool, the lowest water temperature often appeared locally in Gimnyeong and its vicinitly in summer. The Tsushima Warm Current flows into the east entrance of Jeju Strait, but its influence is weak because of geometry and strong vertical mixing due to fast tidal currents.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2001

대한해협과 동중국해에서 1985년과 1986년에 관측한 수온, 염분자료를 사용하여 수괴를 분석하였다. 대한해협과 동중국해 수심 50m에서의 수괴 분포 특성은, 겨울과 봄철에는 쿠로시오 해수(수괴 K) 및 쿠로시오계 혼합수(수괴I), 여름과 가을철에는 대륙 연안수의 영향을 많이 받은 혼합수(수괴 I${\sim}$IV)의 수괴분포가 넓게 나타났다. 겨울과 봄에 수심 loom의 동중국해는 주로 쿠로시오 해수(수괴 K) 및 쿠로시오계 혼합수(수괴 I)가 넓게 분포하고 있었다. 여름에는 혼합수(수괴 I${\sim}$III)가 널리 나타나 연중 여름에 가장 혼합이 많이 된 수괴가 분포하고 있는 것이 특징이었다. 가을에는 쿠로시오계 혼합수(수괴 I)가 주요 수괴였다. 대한해협에서는 겨울과 봄에는 쿠로시오 해수(수괴 K), 여름과 가을에는 혼합수(수괴 I${\sim}$IV)가 주로 분포하고 있었다. 겨울과 봄철에 대기로부터의 냉각에 의한 보정을 하면,쿠로시오 해수(수괴 K)의 분포해역이 줄어든 대신에 쿠로시오계 혼합수(수괴 I)의 분포 해역이 늘어났다. 즉, 동중국해와 대한해협에서 겨울과 봄에 주로 쿠로시오 해수(수괴 K)가 분포하는 것처럼 보이지만,실제는 약간 변질된 쿠로시오계 혼합수(수괴 I)가 넓게 분포하고 있는 것이다. 계절별 해황특성으로 여름철에 표층 저밀도수의 분포가 대한해협과 오끼나와 쪽으로 향하는 두 갈래 혀 모양의 형태를 나타내고 있었다. 이것은 중국대륙 연안수와 혼합된 저밀도 표층수의 흐름이 대한해협과 동중국해 동남쪽으로 향하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2002

The characteristics of surface circulation in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are discussed by analyzing a great deal of current data observed by 142 sets of mooring buoy and 58 sets of drifters trajectories collected in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea through domestic and abroad measurements. Some major features are demonstrated as bellow: 1) Tsushima Warm Current flows away from the Kuroshio and has multiple sources in warm half year and comes only from Kuroshio surface water in cold half year. 2) Taiwan Warm Current comes mainly from the Taiwan Strait Water in warm half year and comes from the intruded Kuroshio surface water and branches near 27N in cold half year. 3) The Changjiang Diluted Water turns towards Cheju Island in summer and flows southward along the coastal line in winter. 4) The study sea area is an eddy developing area, especially in the southern area of Cheju Island and northern area of Taiwan.