• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.171-175
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• 1999

Morphological alteration of floral organ development in rice affected by chilling stress was examined. Three varieties of rice were grown under natural conditions and subjected to 12$^{\circ}C$ for 3 or 6 days starting from the ineffective tillering stage, before heading stage and returned to natural condition. Headings were delayed by a 6 day chilling treatment. After heading the panicles were collected and examined for any possible alteration in floral organ development. It appears that there were some differences in sensitivity to chilling stress and degree of injury depending on treatment stages and variety. Chuchungbyeo was the most frequent in producing abnormal flowers among the three varieties examined. Meiosis stage was shown to be the most vulnerable to chilling stress in both Chuchungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo and young panicle differentiation stage was the frequent stage to alter flower development in response to chilling stress only in Chuchungbyeo. It was confirmed that abnormalities occurred in pollen due to chilling stress is a major factor leading to low yield, but to some extent the alterations in carpel development may playa certain role in determining a total yield in response to chilling stress at the reproduction stage in rice. There were abnormalities like extra stigmata, extra lemma, double ovary as well as abnormal anther formation in response to chilling stress. Further studies of the phenocopy observed in rice floral development may be useful for an understanding of the resistance against chilling injury during reproductive stages in rice.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2004년도 총회및 심포지움
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• pp.67-72
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• 2004

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml $h^{-1}\;m^{-2}\;atm^{-1}$ at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;99\%$ RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, $4\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;8\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;or\;12\%\;CO_2+20\%\;O_2$ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with $12\%\;CO_2+1\%\;O_2$ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf-life of 2 weeks or more at $5^{\circ}C$. Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (Tom-Cast), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and Tom-Cast fungicide treatments, slices from tomato fruit grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under Tom-Cast was about 1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively. The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomato fruit grown using black polyethylene mulch under NF was over 7-fold that of slices from tomato fruit grown using hairy vetch under Tom-Cast. When stored at $20^{\circ}C$, slices from light-red tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches both showed a rapid increase in electrolyte leakage beginning 6 hours after slicing. However, slices from tomato fruit grown using the hairy vetch mulch tended to have lower electrolyte leakage than those grown with black polyethylene mulch. These results suggest that tomato fruit from plants grown using hairy vetch mulch may be more suitable for fresh-cut slices than those grown using black polyethylene mulch. Also, use of the disease forecasting model Tom-Cast, which can result in lower fungicide application than is currently used commercially, resulted in high quality fruit for fresh-cut processing. Experiments were conducted to determine if ethylene influences chilling injury, as measured by percentage of slices exhibiting water-soaked areas in fresh-cut tomato slices of 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Ethylene concentration in containers without ventilation significantly increased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, whereas little or no accumulation of ethylene occurred in containers with one or six perforations. Chilling injury was greatest for slices in containers with six perforations, compared to slices in containers with one perforation, and was over 13-fold greater than that of slices in control containers with no perforations. An experiment was also performed to investigate the effectiveness of including an ethylene absorbent pad in containers on subsequent ethylene accumulation and chilling injury. While ethylene in the no-pad controls increased continually during storage of both 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomatoes at $5^{\circ}C$ under modified atmosphere conditions, no increase in accumulation of ethylene was observed in containers containing ethylene absorbent pads throughout storage. The ethylene absorbent pad treatment resulted in a significantly higher percentage of chilling injury compared with the no-pad control. In studies aimed at inhibiting ethylene production using AVG during storage of slices, the concentration of ethylene in control containers (no AVG) remained at elevated levels throughout storage, compared to containers with slices treated with AVG. Chilling injury in slices treated with AVG was 5-fold greater than that of controls. Further, we tested the effect of ethylene pretreatment of slices on subsequent slice shelf-life and quality. In slices treated with ethylene (0, 0.1, 1, or $10\;{mu}L\;L^{-1}$) immediately after slicing, ethylene production in non-treated controls was greater than that of all other ethylene pre-treatments. However, pretreatment of slices 3 days after slicing resulted in a different pattern of ethylene production during storage. Ihe rate of ethylene production by slices treated with 1 L $L^{-1}$ ethylene 3 days after slicing was greater during storage than any of the other ethylene treatments. With slices pre-treated with ethylene, both immediately and 3 days after slicing, the rate of ethylene production tended to show an negative correlation with chilling injury. Chemical name used: 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 1993

The photosynthetic activities in relation to oxygen evolution rates, quantum yield, CO2 uptake rates and room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated in cotyledons of cucumber seedlings exposed to low temperature (at 4$^{\circ}C$) for 24 h. Light-chilling caused more inhibition on light-saturated maximum oxygen evolution rates, quantum yield, and CO2 uptake rates than dark-chilling did in the cucumber plant. Light-chilling induced more marked increase in Fo and decrease in (Fv)m/Fm than dark-chilling did in the room temperature chlorophyll induction kinetics. The above results affected by chilling in the light are considered to be associated with the partial damage of the reaction center of PS II and the decreased photosynthetic activities. There occurred a large decrease in qQ with little change in qNP in the light-chilling plant. When light- and dark-chilled plants were recovered at room temperature for 24 h and their chlorophyll fluorescences were induced with light doubling technique, light-chilled plants showed more smaller magnitude and rate of fluorescence relaxation than dark-chilled plants. These suggest that light-chilling might cause some alterations in transthylakoid pH formation, and that photosynthetic apparatus of cucumber cotyledons is more susceptible to light-chilling. In the fast fluorescence induction kinetics, FR was decreased by 60% in the light-chilled plants with reference to $25^{\circ}C$ light-grown plants, while the dark-chilled plants showed a decreased rate of only 20% with reference to $25^{\circ}C$ dark-treated plants for 24 h, indicating that cucumber seedling is very sensitive to chilling stress. So, it is certain that chilling injury to the photosynthetic apparatus is strongly dependent on the presence of light in cucumber seedlings.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.651-660
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• 2011

자두 '대석조생'의 생육단계별 수확시기 및 저온저장 온도에 따른 저온장해과 발생 양상과 품질 특성을 구명하고자 하고자, 자두 '대석조생'을 60%, 80% 그리고 90% 이상의 착색율로 구분하여 수확한 후, 1, 4, 5, $6^{\circ}C$ 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에 최대 48일간 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 3일간 숙성시키면서 호흡 변화, 품질 특성 및 저온 장해과 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 60% 착색기에 수확한 자두를 보다 낮은 저온에 저장하였을때 경도, 색도, 중량감소율과 적정산도의 유지에 효과적이었으며, 이 조건에서 에틸렌 발생량과 호흡량도 보다 낮게 유지되었다. '대석조생' 자두의 저온장해 증상은 주로 내부 갈변을 동반한 gel breakdown과 과육투명화 현상이었는데, 이러한 저온장해과는 모든 숙기별 처리구 그리고 $6^{\circ}C$ 이하의 모든 저장 온도에서 발생하였다. 그러나 성숙이 진행되지 않은 과일일수록, 그리고 저장 온도가 낮을수록 저온장해과 발생율을 낮게 나타났다. 이 결과는 '대석조생' 자두의 저온장해과 발생이 저장기간 동안의 호흡 양상과 관련되어 있음을 의미한다.

• 식품저장과 가공산업
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2004

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml h-1 m-2 nun-1 at $5^{\circ}C$ and $99\%$ RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, $4\%$ CO2 + 1 or $20\%\;O_2, \;8\%\;CO_2+1$ or $20\%\;O_2$, or $12\%\; CO_2+\;20\%\;O_2$ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with $12\%\;CO_2 +\;1\%\;O_2$ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf-life of 2 weeks or more at $5^{\circ}C$. Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (Tom-Cast), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SCC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and Tom-Cast fungicide treatments, slices from tomato fruit grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene Production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under Tom-Cast was about 1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively. The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomato fruit grown.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2008

본 연구는 오이묘의 생육단계에 따라 저온처리 온도와 지속기간이 오이 생육, 과실특성 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였으며 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 10시간 저온처리(3℃ 및 0℃)하여 20일간 수경재배한 오이의 초장은 무처리 (20℃)에 비해 각각 25 및 30%, 엽면적은 34 및 37% 감소되었으나, 6℃ 처리에서는 무처리와 큰 차이가 없었다. 저온처리 기간에 따른 생육저해는 처리 시간에 비례하여 증가하는 경향이었다. 2. 저온처리(3℃, 10시간)횟수를 1, 2 및 3회로 증가할수록 초장, 엽면적 및 건물중은 무처리에 비해 크게 감소하였으나 1회와 2회 처리간에는 유의차가 없었고, 3회 연속처리에서만 현저히 감소하였다. 3. 오이과실의 개화 후 일수에 따른 신장속도는 무처리는 0.61~2.60cm/일 인데 비하여 0℃, 15시간의 저온 처리는 0.59~2.26cm/일로 약 10% 감소되었다. 4. 저온처리(0~3℃,10시간)는 오이의 상품과율을 25~26% 감소시켰고, 하품과율은 현저히 증가시켰다. 5. 오이 수량은 6℃, 10시간 처리에서는 무처리와 차이가 없었으나 3℃와 0℃처리는 무처리에 비해 20일묘에서 15~25%, 30일묘에서 22~37% 감수되었다. 0℃에서 5시간, 10시간 및 15시간 저온처리하였을 때에는, 무처리에 비해 각각 18%, 30%, 및 36% 감수되었다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.219-223
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• 2013

DNA markers can determine the genotype of many species. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection is difficult without sequencing but it becomes easier with sdCAPS method. Here an experiment was performed for developing molecular markers using two SNPs, CSatpB-SNP and CSycf1-SNP, of chloroplast in cucumber plants. Properly designed primers with nucleotide sequences for restriction enzymes proved success of PCR and efficacy of digestion by the restriction enzymes. Then these markers were used to study the genotyping of cucumber breeding lines and cultivars obtained from various sources in respect of their chilling stress response. We confirmed that a U.S. cucumber line, 'NC76' known to possess a nuclear factor for the chilling tolerance showed the chloroplast genotypes related to chilling tolerance. However all Korean cucumber cultivars tested in this study showed the chloroplast genotypes related to chilling susceptibility. In conclusion, to develop chilling tolerant cucumber, both maternal and a nuclear factors related to chilling tolerance should be transferred from 'NC76' when 'NC76' is used as a female source and other elite lines as recurrent parents.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 2010

Breaker 단계 토마토의 저온장해 증상은 착색불량과 호흡률 증가 등으로 알려져 있다. 본 실험은 이러한 저온 장해 증상과 맞물려 나타나는 이산화탄소 발생 증가와의 관계를 분석하고, 나아가 저장 중 원예산물 저온장해의 판단기준으로 이용할 수 있는 기초 자료를 만들고자 실시하였다. Breaker 단계로 선별된 토마토는 $2^{\circ}C$에서 1차로 0, 3, 6, 9일간 2차로 0, 1, 2, 3, 10일간 저장 후 상온으로 옮겨 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48시간마다 호흡률을 측정하였다. 저온장해로 인한 토마토 과실의 호흡률은 1일 저장 처리구부터 증가하였으며 저온 저장기간이 길어질수록 발생량 증가폭도 커졌다. Breaker 단계 토마토의 과피색은 $a^*$ 값으로 나타내었는데 각 기간별로 저온저장 후 상온으로 옮겨 10일째에 측정하였는데 Breaker 단계 토마토는 2일 저장 처리구부터 $a^*$ 값이 증가가 둔화되면서 착색불량이 나타났다. 저온저장 기간에 증가함에 따라 증가한 호흡률과 반대로 감소한 $a^*$ 값의 상관계수(r)는 0.9716로 1%의 유의성을 나타내었다 이상의 결과로 보아 Breaker 단계 토마토의 경우 저온 저장후 상온으로 옮긴 직후 이산화탄소 발생 양상으로 저온장해를 미리 진단할 수 있었으며, 그 발생량 증가폭으로 저온장해 정도도 파악할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2001

저온기 플라스틱 하우스내의 기상에 따른 수박의 저온장애 방지를 목적으로 하우스내의 위치별 온도분포와 냉해 발생률을 측정하였으며, 저온장해시 수박의 가시적인 증상을 조사하였다. 남북동 2중 하우스(남쪽 창)에서 온도분포 (12월 중순)는 중앙을 기준으로 동편(93.8%)이 서편(85.3%)보다 높고, 북쪽이 남쪽보다 1일 평균온도가 약 1~2$^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다. 또한 부엽토(황토+퇴비: 2.5ton/200$m^2$)가 사토나 황토 또는 점토에 비하여 남.북의 양방향에서 높게 발생되었다. 잎에서 냉해의 형태적 증상으로는 잎이 수침상으로 되었다가 잎이 점점 위로 말기며, 황화되는 경향을 보였으며, 냉해가 심할수록 줄기의 도관이 점점 막히는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리의 신장은 줄기나 잎의 생육보다 저온에 대하여 더욱 민감하게 작용하였다. 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 주근과 측근의 생장이 왕성하였으나 22$^{\circ}C$에서는 측근의 발생이 억제되는 경향을 보였으며, 14$^{\circ}C$와 6$^{\circ}C$에서는 뿌리의 신장이 거의 정지되는 현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 저온기에서는 온도가 높은 중앙부위에 수박을 정식하여 양쪽 가장자리로 줄기를 유인하여 재배양식이 온도관리 측면에서 휠씬 효율적인 것으로 나타났으며, 하우스내의 온도는 최저 22$^{\circ}C$이상으로 하는 것이 뿌리 생장에 유리할 것으로 사료된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.427-431
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• 2013

본 연구는 UVc 처리, 열수처리와 고 $CO_2$ 처리가 저온저장으로 인해 발생하는 저온장해 현상에 미치는 영향을 비교하고, 소량으로 다른 작물과 혼합 선적할 때 유지되는 $5^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저장 유통에 적용할 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 각각의 처리 후 20일간 저온저장 후 상온에 5일간 저장하였다. 생체중은 MAP 조건이었던 고 $CO_2$ 처리구를 제외한 나머지 처리구에서 상온 저장후 급격히 감소하였으며, 에틸렌은 주기적으로 3% 내외의 수치를 보였다. 고 $CO_2$ 처리구는 저장 종료일인 25일에는 약 33%의 고 $CO_2$ 농도를 나타냈다. 저장 최종일에 측정한 경도는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 저온장해 현상이 완화되었던 열수처리에서 높았다. 저온장해 정도의 지표가 되는 전해질 용출량은 저온장해 발생온도인 $4^{\circ}C$에서는 고 $CO_2$ 처리구에서 가장 높았으며, 열수처리와 UVc처리구에서 가장 낮았는데, 비저온장해 대조구($7^{\circ}C$)와 유사한 수준이었다. 또한 저장최종일에 측정한 호흡률에서는 열수처리가 가장 낮아 저온장해가 완화되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 저온장해 완화 효과를 보인 열수처리와 UVc 처리는 소량으로 다른 작물과 혼합 선적할 때 유지되는 $5^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저장유통에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.